Odontogenic Cysts & Tumors Flashcards
What are two odontogenic cysts of inflammatory etiology?
Radicular Cyst and Buccal Bifurcation Cyst
Periapical Radicular Cyst: What causes this cyst?
Inflammatory cyst caused by tooth infection
Periapical Radicular Cyst: What are two variants of this cyst?
Lateral Radicular Cyst
Residual Periapical Cyst
Periapical Radicular Cyst: Where does the lateral radicular cyst appear?
Along the lateral aspect of the root
Periapical Radicular Cyst: Why do residual perapical cysts form?
Form if periapical inflammatory tissue is not curetted during tooth removal.
Periapical Radicular Cyst: How is this cyst distinguished from periapical granuloma?
Presence of epithelial cyst lining on microscopy
Periapical Radicular Cyst: Periapical granuloma histology
Inflamed connective tissue
Periapical Radicular Cyst: Periapical cyst histology
True epithelial lined cyst structure present
Periapical Radicular Cyst: Radiology
Well circumscribed unilocular radiolucency closely associated with a non-vital tooth
Should see loss of lamina dura
Root resorption is common
Periapical Radicular Cyst: Treatment
-Endodontic treatment of the casual tooth
-periapical surgery (usually on lesions more than 2 cm)-> strong suggest submitting of apicoectomies for microscopic evaluation
-Extraction of involved tooth and curettage of the lesion from the base of the socket (send for evaluation with significant amount of tissue or a well-defined cystic lesion is present)
Periapical Radicular Cyst: Residual periapical cysts require what treatment
Simple excision/enucleation and curettage and always must be submitted for microscopic diagnosis
Buccal Bifurcation Cyst: Describe lesion and where it occurs
Inflammatory cyst thought to occur more frequently in teeth that have buccal enamel extensions in the bifurcation area -> buccal pocket formation
Buccal Bifurcation Cyst: Population affected
5-13 years old
Buccal Bifurcation Cyst: Characteristic site
Buccal aspect of the first permanent molar
Buccal Bifurcation Cyst: how is the molar affected
The crown of the tooth tips bucally and the root apices tip lingually.
Buccal Bifurcation Cyst: Does this lesion produce symptoms?
Slight to moderate tenderness at the site.
Patients may complain of swelling/foul taste
Periodontal pocketing at the site
Bilateral in 1/3 of patients
Buccal Bifurcation Cyst: Radiology
-Well circumscribed, unilocular radiolucency
-Involves buccal bifurcation and root area of affected tooth
-Root apices of molar are tipped towards the lingual
Buccal Bifurcation Cyst: What is associated with this lesion?
-Many associated with reactive periostitis (reactive bone formation)
Buccal Bifurcation Cyst: Treatment
-Enucleate cyst
-Removal of tooth is not necessary
-Some resolve on their own or with irrigation of the pocket daily with saline and hydrogen peroxide
-Pocket resolves after cyst removal in about 1 year
Name the Radiolucent developmental odontogenic cysts
Dentigerous Cyst
Eruption Cyst
Odonotogenic Keratocyst
Orthokeratinized odontogenic cyst
Lateral Periodontal Cyst
Gingival Cyst of the adult
Glandular Odontogenic Cyst
Name one mixed RO/RL developmental odontogenic cyst
Calcifying odontogenic cyst
What is the most common devlopmental odontogenic cyst
Dentigerous (Follicular) Cyst
Dentigerous (Follicular) Cyst: Describe major characteristic
Surrounds the crown of an unerupted tooth and attaches at the CEJ
Dentigerous (Follicular) Cyst: What causes an increase in size?
Increased osmotic pressure within the cyst
Dentigerous (Follicular) Cyst: What teeth are most often involved?
Mandibular third molars
Dentigerous (Follicular) Cyst: What other teeth are involved?
Maxillary canines, maxillary 3rd molars, mandibular second premolars
Dentigerous (Follicular) Cyst: Population affected
10-30 years old
Dentigerous (Follicular) Cyst: Radiographic Features
-Unilocular, well-defined, radiolucency associated with the crown of an unerupted tooth
-Well demarcated frequently corticated border
Dentigerous (Follicular) Cyst: What can these affected teeth cause in the surrounding area?
May displace the involved tooth and may cause resorption of the nearby tooth roots
Dentigerous (Follicular) Cyst: How is this cyst distinguished between an enlarged follicle?
If >3-4 mm considered dentigerous cyst
Dentigerous (Follicular) Cyst: Treatment
-Enucleation with affected tooth (or without if tooth can be salvaged)
-Masrsupialization followed by enculeation: create a surgical window from the cyst to the oral cavity to allow the cyst to drain/shrink in size before excision
Dentigerous (Follicular) Cyst: Prognosis
-Recurrence after removal is rare
-Malignant transformation to squamous cell carcinoma or mucoepidermoid carcinoma can rarely occur.
Eruption Cyst: Define
Soft Tissue analogue of the dentigerous cyst
Eruption Cyst: Population affected
Most common in children under 10
Eruption Cyst: Teeth affected
Can be on primary or permanent teeth
Most frequently affected primary mandibular central incisors, primary maxillary incisors and first permanent molars
Eruption Cyst: Clinical Features
Soft gingival swelling frequently with blue-ish hue. Occurs over an erupting tooth.
Eruption Cyst: Treatment
Usually nothing
Could remove the roof of the cyst to aid in eruption of affected tooth
Odontogenic Keratocyst (OKC): Define
OKC’s arise from the cell rests of the dental lamina
Odontogenic Keratocyst: What is growth related to?
Genetic factors
Odontogenic Keratocyst: Important Statistics
-Greater growth potential than most other odontogenic cysts
-Higher recurrence rate
-Possible association with Gorlin Syndrome
Odontogenic Keratocyst: Population affected
Slight male predilection
Age: 10-40 most commonly
Odontogenic Keratocyst: Areas affected
Mandible (60-80%) of cases)
Favors posterior/ramus
Involves an unerupted tooth in 25-40% of lesions
Odontogenic Keratocyst: Radiology
-Unilocular or multilocular radiolucency
-Well-defined often corticated borders
-DO NOT resorb surrounding roots as frequently as radicular or dentigerous cysts
Odontogenic Keratocyst: Pattern of growth
Grow in the anterior-posterior direction through the marrow spaces without causing expansion
Odontogenic Keratocyst: When OKC’s grow outside of bone, what are they referred to?
Peripheral OKCs
Odontogenic Keratocyst: Microscopic Features
-Cyst lumen may contain clear fluid or keratin debris (often identifiable during surgical excision as a cheesy material.)
Odontogenic Keratocyst: Describe epithelial lining
6-8 cells thick, predominantly parakeratinized with a wavy corrugated surface; basal call layer has palisading hyperchromiatic
Odontogenic Keratocyst: Relevance to Clinicians
Inflammation may cause loss of characteristic epithelial features making this diagnosis difficult to render in some cases
Odontogenic Keratocyst: Treatment
Enucleation and curettage
Odontogenic Keratocyst: Possible Treatment
+/- peripheral ostectomy of the bone cavity with a bur to reduce recurrence
+/- chemical cauterization (Carnoy’s solution, though this has fallen out of favor with some surgeons) after cyst removal.
Odontogenic Keratocyst: What is done before enucleation procedure?
Decompression before enucleation: results in thickening of the cyst lining allowing easier removal later.
Odontogenic Keratocyst: Recurrence
More frequent in mandibular OKCs
Up to 30% of cases overall.
Usually within 5 years but some as many as 10 years later
Odontogenic Keratocyst: What is done if there are multiple recurrences?
Require local resection and bone grafting may be necessary
Other name for Gorlin Syndrome
Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome
Gorlin Syndrome: Cause
-Autosomal dominant inherited condition with high penetrance and variable expressivity
-Genetic Mutation: PTCH
Gorlin Syndrome: (Basal Cell Carcinomas) When do basal cell carcinomas appear?
Begin at puberty or second and third decades of life
Gorlin Syndrome: Describe some manifestations/ clinical features that can appear and who they affect/percentage
Palmar and Plantar Cysts (65-85%)
Ovarian Cysts and fibromas in 25-50% of women
Gorlin Syndrome: What are some less frequent manifestations
Cardiac fibromas, meningioma, fetal rhabdomyoma, medulloblastoma, ocular anomalies