ODISHA Flashcards by Olivia Pratt

odisha location

it’s a state on the SE coast of India
it borders the bay of Bengal

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odisha size - area and population

9th largest state by area and 11th by population

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how long is the coastline of odisha

480km

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how many km2 of mangrove forest is along the odisha coast

1435km2 of mangrove forests

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what are the 3 major coastal ecological environments

chilika lake
major deltas
rivers

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details about the chilika lake

brackish salty lagoon
well renowned for its bird life

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what happens to the lake during monsoon season

lake becomes less saline – diluted by the freshwater rainfall

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why is chilika lake a good example of a temporary store in the water cycle

the beach that is created by the lake is an important store within the coastal system

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what do the rivers provide for the odisha coast

provide important transfers of sediment into the region in forming deltaic deposits.

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what type of coastline is the odisha coast

one of deposition

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what do the deltas do to the coast of odisha

provides a source of sediment for this part of the Bay of Bengal

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how long is the odisha coast

485km

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geographical features of odisha

centre = hilly, has deep valleys
east = shoreline flatlands
west = highlands
middle = flat terrains

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what do the deltas make odisha

“hexdeltaic region” – 6 deltas

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name the 6 deltas

The Subarnarekha
Budhabalanga
Baitarani
Brahmani
Mahanadi
Rushikulya

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what are the inputs into the odisha coast

river sediments from each delta.
erosion provides a plentiful supply of sediment.

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what are the transfers in odisha

river transfer processes – brackish ecosystems and lakes near the coast.
waves, tides and currents.

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what are the outputs in odisha

deltaic deposits, beaches, dunes, barrier beaches

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mangrove forest

1,500km3 acts as a soft engineering coastal management strategy.
lots in districts of Kendrapara and Baleshwar

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cyclone risks

Cyclone Phalin in 2013 caused $700k damage, 44 deaths, surge of Chilika lake and destroying thousands of mangrove trees

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tsunami risks

indian ocean tsunami

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sea level rise risks

1mm a year

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ICZM project

establishes sustainable levels of economic and social activity, resolve environmental social and economic conflicts, and protect the coast

what is the state of Odisha known as?

hex deltaic region = 6 deltas

how big is the area of mangrove forest? (Odisha)

1435 km^2

what is the importance of mangroves?

3/4 of all tropical fish born there dissipate wave E = less flooding + erosion habitat = maintains biodiversity filters pollutants/toxins = improve water quality food source for 25% of fish adapt to rising sea levels as they can keep up with a rise in 25mm of sea level per year

how did the 1999 super cyclone Kalina show how important mangrove trees are?

reduce threats of flooding villages that = >4km = no deaths areas where protective belt = <3km = death rate rose sharply

why can mangroves be better than soft or hard engineering? why can the combination of both prove to be successful?

cheaper take decades to regrow after hazard implementation of things like sea walls or revetments = help reduce damage to trees = sustainably reducing flooding

economic opportunities for human occupation and development?

fishing industry tourism industry --> major tourist attractions = beaches, wildlife sanctuaries, e.g. Chilika Lake Bird Sanctuary

how much has the length of the coastline lined with mangroves gone down by over the last 50 years?

5.1 km to 1.2 km

environmental opportunities for human occupation and development?

35% of coastline has significant mineral + heavy metal deposits the Chilika Lake Bird Sanctuary --> 150+ bird species huge potential for renewable energy --> wind, tidal + wave power

two opportunities offshore

offshore wind, tidal + wave power offshore oil, natural gas + seabed mining

what are the risks for human occupation and development?

coastal erosion vulnerability to disaster --> particularly tropical cyclones biodiversity conservation

how is biodiversity conservation a risk for human occupation and development?

1) Human intervention 2) Prevents sediment moving down-drift 3) Threatens beaches, dunes, saltmarshes, estuaries 4) Habitats disappear 5) Species disappear 6) Loss of biodiversity

according to the Assessment of Shoreline Change (2011), what proportion of the coastline is eroding?

37%

according to the Assessment of Shoreline Change (2011), what proportion of the coastline is growing? where is most accretion taking place?

47% North

according to the Assessment of Shoreline Change (2011), what proportion of the coastline is stable?

14.5%

an example of a federal (national) player in the ICZM

Fisheries Department

an example of a local player in the ICZM

Odisha State Disaster Management Authority

two stakeholders involved in the ICZM

Odisha Tourism Development Corporation Handicraft and Cottage Industries

aims of the ICZM?

establish sustainable levels of eco + social activity resolve env, social + eco challenges + conflicts protect coastal env

actions of the ICZM?

assessment + control of coastal erosion building cyclone shelters planting/replanting mangroves

who is helping villagers with the sustainable approach of planting mangroves?

wetlands International indian govern. ICZM

what is resilience?

capacity to cope

what is mitigation

the action of reducing the severity, seriousness, or painfulness of something

what is adaptation?

change to cope

examples of cyclones in Odisha

- Oct 2013: Cyclone Phailin - 1999: Super cyclone Kalinga

what were the wind speeds of Cyclone Phailin?

120 mph

what are the effects of Cyclone Phailin?

- 44 died - 1 mill evacuated - 500,000 ha of crops destroyed - eco loss = $700,000

how many people were killed in the super-cyclone Kalinga?

10,000+

what was the mitigation result after the 1999 cyclone?

Odisha State Disaster Management Authority: - key player - 15 cyclone shelters

what were the adaptation responses after the 1999 cyclone?

- providing relief supplies ahead of storm - broadcasting warnings - conducting staged evacuations from most vulnerable areas - Odisha Tourism Development Corporation --> developed ecotourism = adapts way of life - wetlands international, ICZM, Indian govern. help villages to cultivate + plant mangroves

ICZM meaning

integrated coastal zone management

how is planting mangroves an adaptation response when it's mitigation?

planting mangroves = mitigation BUT set up project for locals = change attitudes to stop deforestation = adaptation

how has the resilience judgment changed since the 1999 cyclone? (Odisha)

1999: experienced before = assume would be fine = 10,000+ deaths = WEAK RESILIENCE 2013: ecotourism, mangroves, cyclone shelters etc. = IMPROVED RESILIENCE