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GEOGRAPHY PAPER 1 - COASTS > ODISHA > Flashcards

ODISHA Flashcards

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1
Q

odisha location

A

it’s a state on the SE coast of India
it borders the bay of Bengal

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2
Q

odisha size - area and population

A

9th largest state by area and 11th by population

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3
Q

how long is the coastline of odisha

A

480km

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4
Q

how many km2 of mangrove forest is along the odisha coast

A

1435km2 of mangrove forests

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5
Q

what are the 3 major coastal ecological environments

A
  1. chilika lake
  2. major deltas
  3. rivers
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6
Q

details about the chilika lake

A

brackish salty lagoon
well renowned for its bird life

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7
Q

what happens to the lake during monsoon season

A

lake becomes less saline – diluted by the freshwater rainfall

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8
Q

why is chilika lake a good example of a temporary store in the water cycle

A

the beach that is created by the lake is an important store within the coastal system

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9
Q

what do the rivers provide for the odisha coast

A

provide important transfers of sediment into the region in forming deltaic deposits.

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10
Q

what type of coastline is the odisha coast

A

one of deposition

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11
Q

what do the deltas do to the coast of odisha

A

provides a source of sediment for this part of the Bay of Bengal

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12
Q

how long is the odisha coast

A

485km

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13
Q

geographical features of odisha

A

centre = hilly, has deep valleys
east = shoreline flatlands
west = highlands
middle = flat terrains

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14
Q

what do the deltas make odisha

A

“hexdeltaic region” – 6 deltas

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15
Q

name the 6 deltas

A

The Subarnarekha
Budhabalanga
Baitarani
Brahmani
Mahanadi
Rushikulya

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16
Q

what are the inputs into the odisha coast

A

river sediments from each delta.
erosion provides a plentiful supply of sediment.

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17
Q

what are the transfers in odisha

A

river transfer processes – brackish ecosystems and lakes near the coast.
waves, tides and currents.

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18
Q

what are the outputs in odisha

A

deltaic deposits, beaches, dunes, barrier beaches

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19
Q

mangrove forest

A

1,500km3 acts as a soft engineering coastal management strategy.
lots in districts of Kendrapara and Baleshwar

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20
Q

cyclone risks

A

Cyclone Phalin in 2013 caused $700k damage, 44 deaths, surge of Chilika lake and destroying thousands of mangrove trees

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21
Q

tsunami risks

A

indian ocean tsunami

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22
Q

sea level rise risks

A

1mm a year

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23
Q

ICZM project

A

establishes sustainable levels of economic and social activity, resolve environmental social and economic conflicts, and protect the coast

24
Q

what is the state of Odisha known as?

A

hex deltaic region = 6 deltas

25
Q

how big is the area of mangrove forest? (Odisha)

A

1435 km^2

26
Q

what is the importance of mangroves?

A

3/4 of all tropical fish born there
dissipate wave E = less flooding + erosion
habitat = maintains biodiversity
filters pollutants/toxins = improve water quality
food source for 25% of fish
adapt to rising sea levels as they can keep up with a rise in 25mm of sea level per year

27
Q

how did the 1999 super cyclone Kalina show how important mangrove trees are?

A

reduce threats of flooding
villages that = >4km = no deaths
areas where protective belt = <3km
= death rate rose sharply

28
Q

why can mangroves be better than soft or hard engineering?
why can the combination of both prove to be successful?

A

cheaper
take decades to regrow after hazard
implementation of things like sea walls or revetments
= help reduce damage to trees
= sustainably reducing flooding

29
Q

economic opportunities for human occupation and development?

A

fishing industry
tourism industry –> major tourist attractions = beaches, wildlife sanctuaries, e.g. Chilika Lake Bird Sanctuary

30
Q

how much has the length of the coastline lined with mangroves gone down by over the last 50 years?

A

5.1 km to 1.2 km

31
Q

environmental opportunities for human occupation and development?

A

35% of coastline has significant mineral + heavy metal deposits
the Chilika Lake Bird Sanctuary –> 150+ bird species
huge potential for renewable energy –> wind, tidal + wave power

32
Q

two opportunities offshore

A

offshore wind, tidal + wave power
offshore oil, natural gas + seabed mining

33
Q

what are the risks for human occupation and development?

A

coastal erosion
vulnerability to disaster –> particularly tropical cyclones
biodiversity conservation

34
Q

how is biodiversity conservation a risk for human occupation and development?

A

1) Human intervention
2) Prevents sediment moving down-drift
3) Threatens beaches, dunes, saltmarshes, estuaries
4) Habitats disappear
5) Species disappear
6) Loss of biodiversity

35
Q

according to the Assessment of Shoreline Change (2011), what proportion of the coastline is eroding?

A

37%

36
Q

according to the Assessment of Shoreline Change (2011), what proportion of the coastline is growing?
where is most accretion taking place?

A

47%
North

37
Q

according to the Assessment of Shoreline Change (2011), what proportion of the coastline is stable?

A

14.5%

38
Q

an example of a federal (national) player in the ICZM

A

Fisheries Department

39
Q

an example of a local player in the ICZM

A

Odisha State Disaster Management Authority

40
Q

two stakeholders involved in the ICZM

A

Odisha Tourism Development Corporation
Handicraft and Cottage Industries

41
Q

aims of the ICZM?

A

establish sustainable levels of eco + social activity
resolve env, social + eco challenges + conflicts
protect coastal env

42
Q

actions of the ICZM?

A

assessment + control of coastal erosion
building cyclone shelters
planting/replanting mangroves

43
Q

who is helping villagers with the sustainable approach of planting mangroves?

A

wetlands International
indian govern.
ICZM

44
Q

what is resilience?

A

capacity to cope

45
Q

what is mitigation

A

the action of reducing the severity, seriousness, or painfulness of something

46
Q

what is adaptation?

A

change to cope

47
Q

examples of cyclones in Odisha

A
  • Oct 2013: Cyclone Phailin
  • 1999: Super cyclone Kalinga
48
Q

what were the wind speeds of Cyclone Phailin?

A

120 mph

49
Q

what are the effects of Cyclone Phailin?

A
  • 44 died
  • 1 mill evacuated
  • 500,000 ha of crops destroyed
  • eco loss = $700,000
50
Q

how many people were killed in the super-cyclone Kalinga?

A

10,000+

51
Q

what was the mitigation result after the 1999 cyclone?

A

Odisha State Disaster Management Authority:
- key player
- 15 cyclone shelters

52
Q

what were the adaptation responses after the 1999 cyclone?

A
  • providing relief supplies ahead of storm
  • broadcasting warnings
  • conducting staged evacuations from most vulnerable areas
  • Odisha Tourism Development Corporation –> developed ecotourism = adapts way of life
  • wetlands international, ICZM, Indian govern. help villages to cultivate + plant mangroves
53
Q

ICZM meaning

A

integrated coastal zone management

54
Q

how is planting mangroves an adaptation response when it’s mitigation?

A

planting mangroves = mitigation
BUT
set up project for locals = change attitudes to stop deforestation = adaptation

55
Q

how has the resilience judgment changed since the 1999 cyclone? (Odisha)

A

1999: experienced before = assume would be fine = 10,000+ deaths = WEAK RESILIENCE

2013: ecotourism, mangroves, cyclone shelters etc. = IMPROVED RESILIENCE

GEOGRAPHY PAPER 1 - COASTS (3 decks)

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