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GEOGRAPHY PAPER 1 - COASTS > HOLDERNESS > Flashcards

HOLDERNESS Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the three main location points at the holderness coast

A

1) flamborough head
2) bridlington bay –> spurn head
3) spurn head

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2
Q

composition of flamborough head

A

chalk headland, many typical landforms associated with coastal erosion

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3
Q

composition of bridlington bay to spurn head

A

extensive erosion and sediment transfer.
rapid cliff retreat

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4
Q

composition of spurn head

A

spit formed at the estuary of the river Humber

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5
Q

inputs into the holderness

A

erosion from the weak unconsolidated till cliffs (unsorted material deposited directly by glacial ice)

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6
Q

outputs of the holderness

A

finer sediments washed offshore
another OUTPUT is Spurn Head, whilst a significant amount of sediment continues to move south towards East Anglia

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7
Q

what role does LSD play in transfer of sediment

A

coarser sediment is moved southwards

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8
Q

factors affecting the coastal system

A

geology
storms
protection

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9
Q

geology

A

chalk makes up the majority of the coastline (relatively resistant)
present day coastline is the result of sediment carried and dumped by ice sheets during the last glacial period.
sea levels rose at the end of the last glacial, forming the North Sea and eroding the thick glacial till > cliffs

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10
Q

what rock makes up the majority of the coastline

A

chalk

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11
Q

storms

A

north easterly winds drive powerful waves.
extreme low pressure in the North Sea – storm surges several metres high. low frequency but high magnitude events – significant flooding and erosion.
cause LSD from North to South.

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12
Q

what direction does the wind blow to drive powerful waves

A

NE

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13
Q

protection

A

hard engineering – rock armour, sea walls, groynes.
deprived areas further south of sediment > exacerbating coastal erosion downwind

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14
Q

what is the composition of flamborough head

A

chalk – resistant sedimentary rock
distinctive layers – roughly horizontal (faults)
vertical cracks run through the cliffs (joints)
joints and faults are readily exploited to form classic cliff features – e.g. caves

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15
Q

what are the waves like at flamborough head

A

waves refracted when approaching the coastline
waves therefore lose energy in the bay, depositing material > beach formation
more exposed headlands receive full force of the waves – steep cliffs

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16
Q

what processes occur at flamborough head

A

frequent rockfalls due to sea undercutting cliffs
high tide line seen in figure 5
causing wave cut platforms and stacks

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17
Q

erosion from bridlington bay to spurn head

A

rates of erosion in excess of 1m per year (up to 10m per year in some areas)
generates vast amounts of sediment that feeds the sediment cell
fine sediment carried offshore
coarse sediment carried away southwards by lsd > builds up beaches, reduces erosion > negative feedback

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18
Q

what does the sediment transfer from bridlington bay to spurn head do

A

spurn head is nourished by this sediment transfer
protects towns bordering the river humber from storm waves and flooding
further south, the wash is an important sediment sink

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19
Q

what is spurn head

A

temporary sediment store or sink
recurved end resulting from direct wave action
v narrow > frequently breached by storms (hence only a temporary store)
first formed 8000 years ago – end of the last glacial period

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20
Q

what management techniques have been found at spurn head

A

groynes and revetments built to stabilise the spit
military forts established on spurn point, royal engineers took over task of maintenance
but in 1960 the yorkshire naturalists trust took over, but they couldn’t afford to maintain the defences

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21
Q

what happened in 2013

A

in 2013, a huge tidal surge hit spurn point.
sea defences could not cope
buildings and road access destroyed

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22
Q

what does the SMP for the holderness coast suggest for the next 50 years

A

1) holding the line at some settlements (e.g at bridlington, withernsea, Hornsea, Mappleton and Easington gas terminal)

2) suggests doing nothing along less populated stretches, but this is unpopular with owners of land or property along the stretches where nothing is being done

3) Managed Realignment has been suggested

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23
Q

what is managed realignment

A

the purposeful, coordinated movement of people and buildings away from risks

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24
Q

explain what they would do for managed realignment at the holderness coast

A

relocate caravan parks (sandy caravan parks) further inland and allowing the land they are on to erode.

this = more sustainable scheme as it would allow the coast to erode as normal without endangering businesses or messing up the dynamic equilibrium. however, there are issues surrounding how much compensation businesses will get for relocating. also relocation isn’t always possible e,g there maybe no land for sale

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25
Q

what happened in 1995

A

holderness Borough council decided to stop trying to protect spurn head from erosion and over washing - do nothing became the new strategy.
this saves money and allows the spit to function naturally, over washing may damage marsh environments behind the spit.
a coastguard station on the spit may also be at risk.

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26
Q

what does the SMP suggest to do with Easington gas terminal

A

currently protected by rock revetments, and the SMP recommends that these defences are maintained for as long as the gas terminal is operating.

however, the defences only = only 1km in front of the gas terminal, meaning that the village of easington (with a population of about 700 people) isn’t protected
the defences may also increase erosion at legally protected sites of special scientific interest (SSSIs) to the South.

27
Q

how long is the Holderness coast

A

61km long - it stretches from Flamborough head to spurn point

28
Q

where is the Holderness coast

A

the holderness is a lowland region of England that lies between the chalk hills of the wolds and the North Sea
it is part of the East Riding of Yorkshire.

29
Q

what reasons are there that the Holderness is one of the fastest growing coastlines

A

1) most of the cliff is made of till (boulder clay) which is soft and eroded easily.
2) the cliff is also exposed to powerful destructive waves from the North Sea during storms.
3) The material is transported away from the cliffs quickly so it doesn’t stay around to protect the coastline.

30
Q

how much does the Holderness coast erode

A

it erodes about 2m every year

31
Q

what coastal processes operate in the area

A

1) erosion
2) mass movement
3) transportation
4) deposition

32
Q

explain erosion on the Holderness coast

A

the soft boulder clay is easily eroded by wave action.
in some places, e.g Great Crowden, the rate of erosion has been over 10m/ year in recent years.

33
Q

what does the amount of erosion depend on

A

1) refraction
2) wind
3) fetch
4) if there’s any offshore bars
5) constructive or destructive waves

34
Q

explain mass movement

A

the boulder clay is also prone to slumping when its wet.
water makes the clay heavier and acts as a lubricant between particles, which makes it unstable

35
Q

explain transportation

A

prevailing winds from the northeast transport material southwards.
winds also create an ocean current, which transports material south by longshore drift.
rapid erosion means there’s always plenty of sediment to be transported

36
Q

explain deposition

A

where the ocean current meets the outflow of the number river, the flow becomes turbulent and sediment is deposited.

37
Q

explain the coastal landscapes on the Holderness

A

coastal landscapes around the Holderness vary - in the north are steep chalk cliffs, wave-cut platforms and sandy beachesr south there are less-steep boulder - clay cliffs, and around spurn head there are depositional features.

38
Q

what different landforms are there on the Holderness coast

A

1) headlands and wave cut platforms
2) beaches
3) sand dunes
4) slumping cliffs
5) spit

39
Q

where are headlands and wave cut platforms on the holderness

A

north = the boulder clay overlies chalk.
chalk is harder and less easily eroded, so it has formed a headland (Flamborough head) and wave-cut platforms, such as those near Sewerby.
Flamborough head has features such as stacks, caves and arches.

40
Q

where are beaches on the holderness

A

south of Flamborough head is sheltered from wind and waves, and a wide sand and pebble beach has formed near Bridlington.

41
Q

where do spits form on the Holderness

A

erosion and longshore drift have created a spit with a recurved end across the mouth of the Humber Estuary
Spurn Head
5.5km long

42
Q

how do sea defences effect the spit

A

1) For over 100 years the position of spurn has been fixed by artificial sea defences.
2) If more defences get out along the coast, the shorter spurn head will get, because there’s no new material. If the spit got eroded the other side of the estuary would get eroded.

43
Q

what have been the consequences over the past 2000 years of the Holderness eroding

A

1) the coastline has retreated by about 4km each year
2) around 30 villages have been lost

44
Q

what problems would ongoing erosion cause

A

1) loss of settlements and livelihoods
2) loss of infrastructure
3) loss of sites of special scientific interest (SSSIs)

45
Q

where could loss of settlements and livelihood be a problem

A

the village of skipsea is at risk and 80000m2 of good quality farmland is lost each year on the coast, which has a huge effect on farmers’ livelihood.

46
Q

where is loss of infrastructure a problem

A

the gas terminal is only 25m from the cliff edge. This supplies 25% of the UKs gas
B1242 road is also important for transport.

47
Q

where is loss of sites of special scientific interest a problem

A

the lagoons near Easington provide habitats for birds.

48
Q

how much hard engineering does the Holderness have

A

a total of 11.4km of the 61km coastline is currently protected by hard engineering.

49
Q

what hard engineering is in mappleton

A

1) it has approx 50 properties, its prone to intense erosion of 2m per year, its located upon the till.
2) 2 rock groynes and a 500m long revetment were built at Mappleton in 1991.
3) They were £2 million and were built to protect the village and the B1242 coastal road.
4) but the grounds starve beaches down south, so causes more erosion.

50
Q

what hard engineering is in bridlington

A

protected by a 4.7km long seawall as well as timber groynes.

51
Q

what is Easington Gas Terminal protected by?

A

a revetment

52
Q

what is spurn head protected by

A

the eastern side of spurn head is protected by groynes and riprap.
these are old and crumbling now though.

53
Q

why are the managment schemes on the holderness not sustainable

A

1) groynes trap sediment, increasing the width of the beaches. protects the local area but increases erosion south of them. e.g the Mappleton scheme has caused increased erosion to the cliffs south of mappleton. Crowden farm, south of mappleton = at risk of falling into the sea.
2) sediment produced from erosion of the holderness coast is normally washed into the humber estuary and down the lincolnshire coast. reduction in sediment increases the risk of flooding along the Humber estuary, and increases erosion along the Lincolnshire coast.
3) protection of local areas is leading to the formation of bays between those areas. as bays develop the wave pressure on the headlands will increase and eventually the cost of maintaining sea defences may become to high.

54
Q

stakeholder

A

a person whos interested in an issue

55
Q

how does the government deal with the show consideration stakeholders

A

the people have interest but have no power
they make use of interest through involvement in low risk areas.
they are kept informed and consult on interest area.
there’s a potential supporter/goodwill ambassador.

56
Q

how does the government deal with the meet their needs stakeholders

A

these people don’t have much interest on whats going on but they have a lot of power so the government engage and consult interested area, try to increase the level of interest and aim to move into the right hand box (key player)

57
Q

how does the government deal with the key player stakeholders

A

these people are interested and powerful so the focus is on these groups
they are involved in governance/decision making bodies
government engage and consult with them regularly.

58
Q

whats the gas terminals interest in the coastline as a stakeholder and what box does it fit in

A

they want to protect the site as 25% of the UKs gas comes from here - so its a key player

59
Q

whats the Environment agency interest in the coastline as a stakeholder and what box does it fit in

A

to protect the SSSIs like flamborough head and spurn point - key player

60
Q

whats the local council interest in the coastline as a stakeholder

A

try to protect local small businesses and protect local residents - show consideration

61
Q

whats the residents in the coastline as a stakeholder

A

try to protect local small businesses and protect local residents - show consideration

62
Q

whats the farmers in the coastline as a stakeholder

A

aim to protect their own land to save their livelihood - show consideration

63
Q

whats the business owners in the coastline as a stakeholder

A

they aim to protect the B1242 near Mappleton as its good for transport - least important

64
Q

whats the tourists in the coastline as a stakeholder

A

they would protect withernsea for tourism - meet their needs

GEOGRAPHY PAPER 1 - COASTS (3 decks)

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