ODD and CD

Question 1

What are the differences between ODD and CD?

Answer 1

Both have aggressive behaviour but only CD has rule-breaking.

ODD is more heterogeneous than CD.

Question 2

Which disorders occur in comorbidity with ODD and CD?

Answer 2

1. ADHD
2. mood disorders.
3. anxiety.
4. PTSD.
5. low IQ.
   (6. CD -> PDs).

Question 3

What are the gender differences between the manifestation of ODD/CD?

Answer 3

boys; physical aggression.

girls: instrumental aggression.

Question 4

Explain the three pathway model by Loeber.

Answer 4

1. overt pathway.
2. covert pathway.
3. authority conflict pathway.

Question 5

What is the most unfavourable prognosis of ODD/CD?

Answer 5

a combination of ADHD, low IQ and lack of emotionality.

Question 6

What are the child risk factors for ODD/CD?

Answer 6

1. low fear conditioning.
2. ADHD.
3. low IQ.
4. delayed language development.

Question 7

What are the parenting risk factors for ODD/CD?

Answer 7

1. coercive interaction patterns.
2. parental neglect.
3. parental depression.
4. marital conflict.
5. neighbourhood.

Question 8

What are the environmental risk factors for ODD/CD?

Answer 8

exclusion and delinquent peers.

Question 9

What brain abnormalities are related to ODD/CD?

Answer 9

impaired frontal cortex and high amygdala activity.

Question 10

Explain the parent-child interaction coercion theory.

Answer 10

1. child behaviour problems.
2. withdrawal parent request.
3. increase behaviour problems.

complementary escalation and symmetrical escalation.

Question 11

What are the treatment options for ODD/CD?

Answer 11

1. psycho-education.
2. behavioural therapy.
3. parent training.
4. family systems therapy.
5. pharmacological therapy.