Ocular Nutrition

Question 1

What factors contribute to pathophysiology in glaucoma?

Answer 1

Serum autoantibodies to optic nerve head glycosaminoglycans are seen in patients with glaucoma

Question 2

What are current therapy in glaucoma

Answer 2

Intraocular pressure lowering medication
Adjunct therapies
Neuro protection issues

Question 3

What influences IOP

Answer 3

Alcohol decreases osmosis. Large consumpion of beer is similar to water provocative tests

Question 4

What are the benefits of caffeine

Answer 4

Has antioxidants
Increases metabolism
Secondary benefis to blood flow in eye

Question 5

What is the relationship bet mj and IOP

Answer 5

lowers IOP 3-4 mm. Problem is that its short term and minimal efficacy. Have to repeat the dose every three hours which isn’t practical

Question 6

What is the fat intake in regards with glacoma

Answer 6

very little research but dietary fat may modulate the availability of intraocular prostaglandins. Total fat intake was not associated with glaucoma however when you have a high ratio of omega 3 to 6 polyunsaturated fat, you increase the risk of POAG

Question 7

What is ginko biloba

Answer 7

reduces platelet aggregation
reduces the development of free radicals
increases vasodilation
reduces blood viscosity
quenching of free radicals
*In humans it increased end diastolic flow velocity in the opthalmic artery

Question 8

We’re not prescribing ginko biloba

Answer 8

Bc we’re not seeing that much good out of it. Not a lot of research

Question 9

How do carotenoids effect cataracts

Answer 9

intake of lutein and zeaxanthin yeilded a 22% reduction in risk for cataract surgery

Question 10

How does vitamin C help with cataracts

Answer 10

Vitamin C supplements taken over 10 years are 45% less likely to require cataract surgery

Question 11

What did the Blue Mountain Eye study confirm

Answer 11

Long term use of daily multivitamins protected against the development of nuclear and corticol cataracts.

Question 12

What did the Beaver Dam eye study conclude

Answer 12

There is NO relationship between cataracts and increased dietary intake of vitamins c, e, and alpha carotene or beta carotene

Question 13

What did AREDS study find

Answer 13

9- vitamin c, vitamin e and beta carotene has no effect on cataracts
32- centrum multivitamins are associaed with decreased risk of nuclear cataract

Question 14

What does cataract formation involve

Answer 14

Multifactorial: diet environmental factors (sun and radiation)
Age
Medical conditions (diabetes)
Use of systemic/topical medications

Question 15

What is age related macular degeneration

Answer 15

major cause of blindness
1.2 mill US people affect
pupils become smaller with age
yellowing of lens

Question 16

What are the risk factors for amd

Answer 16

smoking, age, family history

Question 17

AMD occurs in early life. T/F

Answer 17

True

Question 18

What is the pathogenesis of dry amd

Answer 18

Exact pathogenesis is unknown but oxidative damage due to higher oxygen levels and reactive oxidation species, and blue light

Question 19

Does a dietary intake of omega 3 fatty acids reduce the liklihood of AMD

Answer 19

Yes, reduced atrophy in ind with bilateral drusen at baseline

Question 20

Does Vitamin C help AMD

Answer 20

Unclear but most studies say no

Question 21

Does Vitamin E help AMD

Answer 21

Unclear, but most say no, some say they found it protective under some circumstance

Question 22

What about carotenoids and AMD

Answer 22

Some show beneficial effect some other no effect. REsults are not uniform

Question 23

What are macular carotenoids capable of

Answer 23

Quenching the reactive oxidative species, thus protecting the RPE from oxidative damage. They absorb blue light

Question 24

How do you measure Macular Pigment Density

Answer 24

A machine named QuantifEye works on the principle that:

1. macular pigment absorbs blue light
2. more macular pigment = longer time you see flicker
3. Results are quantified via software

Question 25

How does the Heterochromatic flicker photometry work (quantifye)

Answer 25

HFP technique is based on the fact that MP acts as a filter which effects the sensitivity to different wavelengths. The subject presses a button when flicker becomes available. the blue/green ratio is changed after each button press. As the blue/green luminances get closer, flicker sensitivity is reduced. The difference between the minimum for central viewing and for peripheral vieweing provides a measure of macular pigment density in the central fovea.

Question 26

What is the affect of carotenoids and smokers

Answer 26

High doses of beta carotene alone or in combination with vitamin e are associated with a significant risk of developing lung cancer in smokers

Question 27

How does zinc affect AMD

Answer 27

IT may help AMD but high doses can lead to hospitalization for genitourinary causes. Also high doses in AH were more likely to develop cataracts than healthy controls

Question 28

T/F you can see beneficial affects with AMD without beta caratene and just lutein and zeaxanthing

Answer 28

TRUE

Question 29

What does the Blue Mountain eye study confirm about above median intake of beta carotene, vitamin c, vitamin e, and zinc

Answer 29

35% reduced risk of AMD

Question 30

There is evidence that carotenoids with a combination of vitamins reduce risk of AMD

Answer 30

True

Question 31

Does taking omega oils effect EPA and DHA

Answer 31

No