Ocular conditions Flashcards
Key symptoms of uveitis and causes
Treatments
Smaller pupil, aching painful red eye, smaller pupil, blurrred vision, headache
Causes unclear, inflammation of the uvea, often in children/young adults, potential autoimmune ,trauma
Coticosteroid drops, injection, atropine mydriatric eye drops
What is uveitis
inflammation in the middle layer of the eye - uvea
What is blepharitis and causes
Inflammation of the eye lids - itchy, sore red eyelids sticking together, burning, gritty, eyelash growth/loss
Caused by sebaceous gland dysfunction, leading to or caused by staph infection, mites, allergy, fungal
What is stye and cause
Small painful lump on inside or outside of eyelid - swollen, red, tender - acute staph infection of the sebaceous glands, ingrown eyelash
Can drain it, most get better without antibiotics
what is conjunctivitis
inflammation of the conjunctiva due to e.g. bacterial, viral, chlamydial - bilateral or unilateral, sudden onset, red eyes, itchy, watery, swollen, discharge - can be caused by pollen, dust mites, make up, unclean contact lenses
What is keratitis
Inflammation of the cornea - oedema, inflammation, discharge, pink eye - can be bacterial, fungal, viral, parasitic (acanthamoeba) - most common cause of blindness, often caused by contact lens wear
What is ectropion
eyelid turns outward - permenantely watery eye due to exposure of conjunctiva/cornea - reduced vision, ocular surface pain - due to weak eye muscles.
What is exophtalmos (proptosis)
abnormal protrusion of eyeball - eyelids force apart
caused by increased in volume of tissue. behind eyes, association with hyperthyroidisim, hereditory e.g. graves
What eye condition can be associated with hyperthyroidism?
Exophalmos - proptosis
What is keratoconjunctivitis sicca?
Dry eye syndrome - decreased tear production or increased tear film evaporation - ocular irritatiton, dry, sore, bilateral
Worsens throughout the day - caused by environmental , illness, hormonal, ageing
Treat with ocular lubricants e.g. eyedrops with carbomers or hydroxethylcellulose
What is diabetic retinopathy?
Damage to the retina - microvascular changes due to poor control of blood sugar leading to degeneration of vascular walls, it is preventable
What is cataract
Clouding in lens of eye due to protein aggregation in the lens, eye injury, diabetes, uveitis
What is glaucoma and the types
Group of eye diseases that result in damage to the opic nerve & vision loss - largely asymptomatic due to slow onset, impairment of peripheral vision
Open angle & angle closure
What is the cause of glaucoma ?
Triggers unknown - related to damage to optic nerve, excess pressure in eye due to misbalance in production; drainage of excess humor - trabecular meshwork impaired
What is the most common type of glaucoma? What is it?
Open angle - slow clogging of the drainage canals and humour cannot drain so pressure builds up and damages the optic nerve (physical blockage)
What. is angle closure glaucoma?
Develops very quickly where there. is a blocked drainage canal and sudden increase in. intraocular pressure
Risk factors- age, low BP, afro caribbean, asian, short sighted, diabetes
Name 5 drug classes used. for glaucoma
- prostaglandin analogues. - latanoprost
- Beta blockers - timolol maleate
- Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors - brinzolamide
- Sympathomimetics - brimonidine tartrate
- Miotics - pilocarpine hydrochloride
How does latanoprost work?
Increases the flow of aqueous humor fluid out of the eye to reduce pressure
How does timolol work
Slowing down production of aqueous humor to reduce pressure
How does brinzolamide work
reduces amount of. aqueous humor produced to reduce pressure
How does brimonidine tartrate work?
Reduce rate of production of aqueous humor and increase flow of aq humor out of eyes
How does pilocarpine HCl work?
Opens up the blocked trabecular meshwork to improve drainage
What is age related macular degeneration & types?
painless eye condition that causes loss of central vision usually in both eyes, makes reading difficult, colours arent as prominently seen, faces hard to recognise but does not affect peripheral vision
Dry MD and Wet MD
What is dry MD?
Cells in the macula become damaged by a build up of deposits called drusen - most common & least serious
