Ocular conditions

Question 1

Key symptoms of uveitis and causes

Treatments

Answer 1

Smaller pupil, aching painful red eye, smaller pupil, blurrred vision, headache

Causes unclear, inflammation of the uvea, often in children/young adults, potential autoimmune ,trauma

Coticosteroid drops, injection, atropine mydriatric eye drops

Question 2

What is uveitis

Answer 2

inflammation in the middle layer of the eye - uvea

Question 3

What is blepharitis and causes

Answer 3

Inflammation of the eye lids - itchy, sore red eyelids sticking together, burning, gritty, eyelash growth/loss

Caused by sebaceous gland dysfunction, leading to or caused by staph infection, mites, allergy, fungal

Question 4

What is stye and cause

Answer 4

Small painful lump on inside or outside of eyelid - swollen, red, tender - acute staph infection of the sebaceous glands, ingrown eyelash
Can drain it, most get better without antibiotics

Question 5

what is conjunctivitis

Answer 5

inflammation of the conjunctiva due to e.g. bacterial, viral, chlamydial - bilateral or unilateral, sudden onset, red eyes, itchy, watery, swollen, discharge - can be caused by pollen, dust mites, make up, unclean contact lenses

Question 6

What is keratitis

Answer 6

Inflammation of the cornea - oedema, inflammation, discharge, pink eye - can be bacterial, fungal, viral, parasitic (acanthamoeba) - most common cause of blindness, often caused by contact lens wear

Question 7

What is ectropion

Answer 7

eyelid turns outward - permenantely watery eye due to exposure of conjunctiva/cornea - reduced vision, ocular surface pain - due to weak eye muscles.

Question 8

What is exophtalmos (proptosis)

Answer 8

abnormal protrusion of eyeball - eyelids force apart

caused by increased in volume of tissue. behind eyes, association with hyperthyroidisim, hereditory e.g. graves

Question 9

What eye condition can be associated with hyperthyroidism?

Answer 9

Exophalmos - proptosis

Question 10

What is keratoconjunctivitis sicca?

Answer 10

Dry eye syndrome - decreased tear production or increased tear film evaporation - ocular irritatiton, dry, sore, bilateral
Worsens throughout the day - caused by environmental , illness, hormonal, ageing
Treat with ocular lubricants e.g. eyedrops with carbomers or hydroxethylcellulose

Question 11

What is diabetic retinopathy?

Answer 11

Damage to the retina - microvascular changes due to poor control of blood sugar leading to degeneration of vascular walls, it is preventable

Question 12

What is cataract

Answer 12

Clouding in lens of eye due to protein aggregation in the lens, eye injury, diabetes, uveitis

Question 13

What is glaucoma and the types

Answer 13

Group of eye diseases that result in damage to the opic nerve & vision loss - largely asymptomatic due to slow onset, impairment of peripheral vision
Open angle & angle closure

Question 14

What is the cause of glaucoma ?

Answer 14

Triggers unknown - related to damage to optic nerve, excess pressure in eye due to misbalance in production; drainage of excess humor - trabecular meshwork impaired

Question 15

What is the most common type of glaucoma? What is it?

Answer 15

Open angle - slow clogging of the drainage canals and humour cannot drain so pressure builds up and damages the optic nerve (physical blockage)

Question 16

What. is angle closure glaucoma?

Answer 16

Develops very quickly where there. is a blocked drainage canal and sudden increase in. intraocular pressure
Risk factors- age, low BP, afro caribbean, asian, short sighted, diabetes

Question 17

Name 5 drug classes used. for glaucoma

Answer 17

1. prostaglandin analogues. - latanoprost
2. Beta blockers - timolol maleate
3. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors - brinzolamide
4. Sympathomimetics - brimonidine tartrate
5. Miotics - pilocarpine hydrochloride

Question 18

How does latanoprost work?

Answer 18

Increases the flow of aqueous humor fluid out of the eye to reduce pressure

Question 19

How does timolol work

Answer 19

Slowing down production of aqueous humor to reduce pressure

Question 20

How does brinzolamide work

Answer 20

reduces amount of. aqueous humor produced to reduce pressure

Question 21

How does brimonidine tartrate work?

Answer 21

Reduce rate of production of aqueous humor and increase flow of aq humor out of eyes

Question 22

How does pilocarpine HCl work?

Answer 22

Opens up the blocked trabecular meshwork to improve drainage

Question 23

What is age related macular degeneration & types?

Answer 23

painless eye condition that causes loss of central vision usually in both eyes, makes reading difficult, colours arent as prominently seen, faces hard to recognise but does not affect peripheral vision
Dry MD and Wet MD

Question 24

What is dry MD?

Answer 24

Cells in the macula become damaged by a build up of deposits called drusen - most common & least serious

Question 25

What is wet MD?

Answer 25

Develops when abnormal blood vessels develop underneath the macula and damage the cells- risk factors e.g. smoking, obesity, CVD, lifestyle and lack of physical activity - no cure, need monthly intraocular injections with. anti-VEGF Ranibizumab

Question 26

what type. of contact lens do you use for shortsightedness myopia?

Answer 26

Concave lens (minus)

Question 27

Whatt is the treatment for blepharitis?

Answer 27

Self care, cleaning eyelids, cold compress. If severe - topica abs, then oral