Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PM3A > Infections > Flashcards

Infections Flashcards

1
Q

What is impetigo caused by?

A

A break in the skin leading to staph or strep pyogenes infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Treatment of impetigo?

A

Hygeine
Small area: topical fusidic acid 5-7 days
Widespread oral flucloxacillin 7 days 500mg QDS
(alternative clarithromycin 250mg BD 5 days)
MRSA = mupirocin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Conjunctivitis causes and treatments

A

Viral, allergic, bacterial, chlamydial - self limiting. Often via unclean contact lenses etc.

  1. Self care
  2. Topical TOC antibiotics e.g. chloramphenicol 0.5% drops / 1% ointment - 5 days. 1-2 drops every 2 hours then QDS for the final 3 days.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Chloramphenicol MoA?

A

Interferes with bacterial ribosome and inhibition of protein synthesis - bacteriocidal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are common organisms causing pneumonia?

A

Strep pneumoniae (pneumococcal) at risk patients
Or H.influezae
M. pneumoniae
S.aureus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What would be used to treat pneumonia caused by S.pneumoniae?

A

Amoxicillin, clarithromyin or doxycycline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What would be used to treat pneumonia caused by H.influenzae?

A

Amoxicillin, clarithromycin or co-amoxiclav

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What organism causes a UTI?

A

E.coli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 1st line treatments for an uncomplicated UTI?

A

Short course nitrofurantoin 100mg BD (MR)for 3 days (or 50mg QDS immediate release). DNA damage/free radicals

Or trimethoprim 200mg BD for 3 days. (inhibits folate synthesis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How would treatment differ for a pregnant woman who has an uncomplicated UTI?

A

Nitrofurantoin is 1st line but not at term, used for 7 days
2nd choice - amoxicillin 500mg TDS 7 days
or can use cephalexin 500mg BD 7 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the treatment for upper UTI - pyelonephritis?

A

Cephalexin 500mg BD 7-10 days
Ciprofloxacin 500mg BD 7 days
Co-amoxiclav 500/125mg BD 7-10 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are symptoms of upper UTI

A

Flank pain

High fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are symptoms of a lower uncomplicated UTI?

A

Dysuria
Urinary urgency & urinary frequency
cloudy / dark strange smelling urine
In older people - confusion, changes in behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Who is more likely to get a UTI?

A

Younger sexually active women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Advice for someone who has conjunctivitis?

A

Wash hands regularly
bathe eyelids occasionally with warm water to remove discharge
When cleaning - wipe from bridge of nose to outer corner of eye with fresh piece of cotton wool
Protect eyes, sunglasses etc if allergic
Do not share towels/face clothes etc
Do not rub eyes
Do not wear contact lenses until better

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Define antimicrobial stewardship

A

Overarching program to change and direct antimicrobial use at a healthcare institution- it is the optimal selection, dosage, duration that results in the best clinical outcome for that patient, with minimal toxicity and impact on AMR/ Focus on preserving antibiotic effectiveness through monitoring and judicious use, via formulary restrictions, audits, feedback, education, guidelines, strategies e.g. start smart then focus, target

17
Q

Outline benefits of AMS in the healthcare system

A

Reduce the total use and inappropriate use to improve health outcomes and costs

  • improve susceptibility profiles of hospital pathogens
  • improve clinical markers e.g. length of stay, mortality
  • reduce toxicity and adverse effects and no need to use less effective ABs, thus reducing morbidity
  • patient safety
  • more collaborative working between HCP in MDT
  • transparency in prescribing practice, continuous education and learning from mistakes
  • reduced risk of secondary infections e.g. injection sites, de-escalation
18
Q

What are the main factors that make penicillins susceptible to acid hydrolysis? How to overcome these?
2x chemical things
1x biological

A
  • ring strain - acids and nucleophiles open up the ring to relieve the strain, carbonyl group prone to Nu attack which breaks the ring - overcome this by storing as a powder until ready to dispense and keep in fridge
  • amide side chain participates in the mechanism that opens the ring so nitrogen can donate it’s electrons that act as a nucleophile too to reduce - add an electron withdrawing group to reduce the nucleophilicity and electron density
  • Beta lactamase enzymes opens the ring and hydrolyses. Can add bulky groups to side chain to reduce interaction with the enzyme. OR administer clavulanic acid to inhibit beta lactamase (irreversibly)
19
Q

What is the mechanism of action of penicillins?

A

Inhibition of transpeptidase enzyme which stops the cross linking of the bacterial peptidoglycan cell wall.

20
Q

What is 1st line for mild to moderate clostridium difficile?

A

Metronidazole 400mg TDS oral for 10-14 days

21
Q

What is 1st line in severe c. diff?

A

Vancomycin 125mg QDS enterally 10-14 days

22
Q

What drug can be used if recurrent C.diff

A

Fidaxomicin 200mg BD for 10 days

23
Q

What is the treatment for bacterial vaginosis?

A

Oral metronidazole 400mg BD for 7 days
or 2g single dose
or topical gel 5g/night for 5 days
or clindamycin cream

24
Q

Mechanism of action of metronidazole?

A

Nucleic acid/DNA synthesis interference due to nitroimidazole ring - reduced to nitro radicals by ferrodoxin- only works on anaerobic bacteria

25
Q

What is the MoA of vancoymcin?

A

It is a glycopeptide - cell wall synthesis inhibition

26
Q

Outline the treatment regimen for HIV

A 
2 NRTIs (tenofovir, emitricatibine = truvada)
PLUS 
1 NNRTI 
or 1 protease inhibitor
or 1 integrase inhibitor
27
Q

What is treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis?

A

10% clotrimazole cream 5g insert at night single dose OR
500mg single dose pessary at night for 3 nights
OR oral fluconazole 150mg single dose
OR oral itraconazole 200mg BD 1 day

28
Q

If a girl aged 13 came in for treatment of vulvovaginal candidasis - what formulation can be used?
What treatment would you recommend?

A

Topical. Oral and intravaginal and oral are not used in girls aged 12-15.
Would use e.g. clotrimazole 1% or 2% cream 2-3 times a day or ketoconazole 2% 1-2 times a day

29
Q

If a lady is pregnant and needs treatment for vulvovaginal candidiasis - what can be used and what would you recommend and how long for?

A

Cannot use oral so would you intravaginal.

Recommend - Clotrimazole or miconazole for at least 7 days

30
Q

What are the symptoms of vaginal candidiasis?

A

itching, irritation in vagina/vulva
redness, swelling, sore
thick white odour free discharge cottage cheese like/curd like

31
Q

Mechanism of antifungals imidazoles/triazoles ?

A

Bind to lanosterol 14-alpha demethylase enzyme which is responsible for ergosterol synthesis, thus interfering with ergosterol synthesis and inhibiting the plasma membrane of fungi - fungistatic

32
Q

What are malaria prophylaxis treatments OTC?

A

Proguanil and atovaquone which is Malarone

33
Q

What are POM treatments for prophylaxis of malaria?

A

Doxycycline

Mefloquine

34
Q

What are treatments for malaria?

A

1st choice chloroquine for non falciparum
If P.falciparum do not use chloroquine due to resistance. so use:
- quinine and doxycycline
- proguanil and atovaquone malarone
- artemether and lumefantrine

35
Q

What. is the treatment for chlamydia STI?

A

1st line doxycycline 100mg BD for 7 days

2nd line if. preg or doxy C/I = 1g azithromycin then 2 days 500mg OD oral

36
Q

Why is it more difficult to treat a fungal infection than bacterial?

A

Eukaryotic cell similar to human so more complicated as hard to treat the parts that are specific to the fungus - only difference is ergosterol in cell wall rather than cholesterol

37
Q

What is a main symptom of trichmoniasis?

A

Frothy yellow/green dishcharge

Fishy smell

38
Q

How long must a person take doxycycline for malaria prophylaxis after coming home from a malaria area?

A

7 days

PM3A (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions