Ocular Conditions Flashcards
What are the symptoms of uveitis (iritis)
Painful Red eye SMALLER PUPIL Disorientated pupil Blurred vision Eyes look cloudy Headache
What are the causes of uveitis (iritis)
Unclear
Inflammation of the iris or urea
Affects mainly children and adults
Trauma or immune response potentially
What are the treatments of uveitis (iritis)
Corticosteroid drops
Corticosteroid Injections
Atropine drops
What are the symptoms of blepharitis
Inflammation of eye lids Itchy or burning gritty eyes Difficulty opening eyes Crusty eye lashes Photophobia Loss of eye lashes
What are the causes of blepharitis
Infestation of parasites or demodex mites
Viral or fungal infection rare
Bacterial infection: staphylococcus aureus
Allergic: mascara
What are the treatment options for blepharitis
Topical or oral antibiotics to remove infection
Wash eye lids daily to control symptoms
What are the symptoms of a stye
Swollen or lumpy eye lid with white head in middle
Redness
Swelling and tenderness for couple of days
What are the causes of a stye
Ingrown eye lashes
Staphylococcus infection of sebaceous glands
Recurrent in diabetes
Correlates with stress
How do you treat a stye
Mostly self limiting: better in few days or weeks
Topical antibiotics
What are the symptoms of conjunctivitis
Bilateral or unilateral pain Itchiness Redness of eye Production of sticky discharge Watering eyes
What are the causes of conjuctivtis
Allergic (seasonal): pollen
Bacterial or viral
Dust mites
Make up
Unclean contact lenses
How do you treat conjunctivitis
Normally self limiting and clears up within a couple of weeks
Infected: chloramphenicol or fusidic acid
What is keratitis and its symptoms
Inflammation of the cornea
Discharge
Conjunctival discharge
Red eye
Eye lid oedema
What are the causes of keratitis and its treatment
Fungal (candida) Viral: Herpes Simplex Parasite: Acanthemoba Bacterial: contact lenses Most common blindness cause
Treatment:
Oral or ointment antibiotic or eye drops
What is Ectropion and its symptoms
Condition in which eye lid turns outwards
Symptoms: Permeant watery eyes Eyelid sagging Conjunctival exposure Corneal exposure Pain on ocular surface
What are the causes of Ectropion
Bells palsy
Weakening of eye muscle in region (old people)
Congenital defect
Injury to skin around eye
What are the treatment methods of Ectropion
Mild cases: no treatment
Extreme: surgery
What is Exophthalmos (proptosis) and its symptoms
Abnormal protrusion of eye ball
Symptoms:
Eye lids forced apart
Blurred or double vision
Constant drying and pain of eye
What are the causes of Exophthalmos
Volume of tissue behind eye increasing Graves disease Hyperthyroidism Infection of sinuses One eye protruding: cancer, brain tumour, cyst
What is cataracts and its symptoms
Clouding of lens in eye
Symptoms: Blurriness Gradual decrease in eye sight Colour faded Discomfort in bright lights
What are the risk factors of cataracts and how do you treat it
Smoking
Overexposure to light
STEROIDS (long use time)
Surgery: removal of lens and replacement with artificial one
What is Keratoconjuctivitis sicca and its symptoms
Dry eye syndrome: reduced production of tears
Symptoms: Ocular irritation Typical bilateral presentation Worsens through the day Redness of eyes Complications: scarring, conjunctivitis, light sensitivity, corneal thins
What are the causes of keratoconjuctivtis sicca and treatment
Causes: Environmental factors Concomitant illness Hormonal changes Ageing Tear fluid loss
Treatment:
Ocular lubricant use like carbomer or hydroxyethylcellulose
What is glaucoma and the symptoms
Gradual increased eyeball pressure which leads to eye sight loss
Symptoms: Hazy or blurry vision Impairment of peripheral vision Largely asymptomatic Nausea or vomiting Sudden sight loss
What are the causes of glaucoma
- Mainly when the aqueous humour cannot be drained away from eye due to the trabecular meshwork (does the draining) being blocked
- The optic nerve is then damaged by the extensive pressure built up which leads to sight loss
What are the two glaucoma types
Open angled: slow clogging of drainage canal that develops slowly (life long)
Angle Closure: Blocked drainage canal (rise intraocular pressure)
Develops quickly
What are the risk factors of glaucoma
Age: older you are, more at risk
Blood pressure: lower pressure, higher risk
Race: afro carribean, african: lead to chronic open angle glaucoma
Family History: Close relatives with glaucoma at higher risk
Medical history: diabetic patients at increased risk of developing it
How do you treat glaucoma and why do you use these therapies
- Prostaglandin analogues Latanoprost: Increases flow of fluid out of eye (aqueous humour) to reduce intraocular pressure
- Beta blockers: Timolol Maleate: reduces intraocular pressure by slowing production of aqueous humour in eye
- Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: Brinzolamide: Reduces amount of aqueous humour produced which lowers pressure
- Sympathomimetic: Brimonidine Tartate: Reduces production of aqueous humour and increases drainage
- Miotics: Pilocarpine Hydrochloride: Opens up the trabecular framework to allow drainage of eye
What are the symptoms and causes of acute injury to eye (foreign body corneal scratch)
Symptom: Dry eye sensation Sensation of foreign body Appearance: redness excessive tear production
Causes: Superficial trauma fingernails Power tools Sand, grit, mud
What are the symptoms of diabetic retinopathy
Early stages: non proliferative diabetic retinopathy
Only detectable early stage by FUNDUS photography
Later stages: vessels proliferate and vision deteriorates
What are the causes of diabetic retinopathy
Microvascular changes lead to degeneration of vascular walls
Affects 80% of patients with diabetes for 10 years onwards
90% cases preventable
What are the treatment options of diabetic retinopathy
Appropriate glucose control
Intravitreal injection: corticosteroid like fluocinolone acetone
Operation to remove blood or scar tissue
What is subconjunctivital haemorrhage, its symptoms and causes and treatment
Symptoms: blood burst from blood vessel, initial pain disappears, no vision change
Causes: mild physical trauma
Self limiting
What is age related vascular degeneration and its symptoms
painless eye condition: caused by loss of central vision in both eyes
Symptoms: difficult reading, colours less vibrant, faces difficult to recognise
What are the types of vascular degeneration
Types:
DRY AMD: cells become damaged with build up of druse
Wet AMD: when abnormal blood vessels form beneath macula
How do you treat vascular degeneration
No cure for either
Wet AMD: anti-vascular endothelial growth factor: Ranibizumab
What is myopia and the causes of it
Distant objects: blurred
Close objects: seen clearly
Occurs between childhood to adulthood
Causes:
Light not properly focused on retina
Eyes too long front to back
Cornea: too steeply curved
How do you correct myopia or hyperopia
Lenses (glasses or contact lenses used)
Myopia: concave lenses
Hyperopia: convex lens
What are the different contact lens types
Rigid (hard or gas permeable)
Soft (hydrogel or silicone hydrogel)
Requires: ONCE a day, strict cleaning compliance
Complications: papillary conjunctivitis, ulcerative keratitis, acanthamoeba keratitis
