Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PM3A: Spring > Ocular Conditions > Flashcards

Ocular Conditions Flashcards

1
Q

What are the symptoms of uveitis (iritis)

A 
Painful
Red eye
SMALLER PUPIL 
Disorientated pupil
Blurred vision
Eyes look cloudy
Headache
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the causes of uveitis (iritis)

A

Unclear
Inflammation of the iris or urea
Affects mainly children and adults
Trauma or immune response potentially

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the treatments of uveitis (iritis)

A

Corticosteroid drops
Corticosteroid Injections
Atropine drops

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the symptoms of blepharitis

A 
Inflammation of eye lids
Itchy or burning gritty eyes
Difficulty opening eyes
Crusty eye lashes 
Photophobia
Loss of eye lashes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the causes of blepharitis

A

Infestation of parasites or demodex mites
Viral or fungal infection rare
Bacterial infection: staphylococcus aureus
Allergic: mascara

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the treatment options for blepharitis

A

Topical or oral antibiotics to remove infection

Wash eye lids daily to control symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the symptoms of a stye

A

Swollen or lumpy eye lid with white head in middle

Redness

Swelling and tenderness for couple of days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the causes of a stye

A

Ingrown eye lashes

Staphylococcus infection of sebaceous glands

Recurrent in diabetes

Correlates with stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How do you treat a stye

A

Mostly self limiting: better in few days or weeks

Topical antibiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the symptoms of conjunctivitis

A 
Bilateral or unilateral
pain
Itchiness 
Redness of eye
Production of sticky discharge
Watering eyes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the causes of conjuctivtis

A

Allergic (seasonal): pollen

Bacterial or viral

Dust mites

Make up

Unclean contact lenses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How do you treat conjunctivitis

A

Normally self limiting and clears up within a couple of weeks

Infected: chloramphenicol or fusidic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is keratitis and its symptoms

A

Inflammation of the cornea

Discharge
Conjunctival discharge
Red eye
Eye lid oedema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the causes of keratitis and its treatment

A 
Fungal (candida) 
Viral: Herpes Simplex
Parasite: Acanthemoba
Bacterial: contact lenses
Most common blindness cause

Treatment:
Oral or ointment antibiotic or eye drops

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is Ectropion and its symptoms

A

Condition in which eye lid turns outwards

Symptoms:
Permeant watery eyes 
Eyelid sagging 
Conjunctival exposure
Corneal exposure
Pain on ocular surface
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the causes of Ectropion

A

Bells palsy
Weakening of eye muscle in region (old people)
Congenital defect
Injury to skin around eye

17
Q

What are the treatment methods of Ectropion

A

Mild cases: no treatment

Extreme: surgery

18
Q

What is Exophthalmos (proptosis) and its symptoms

A

Abnormal protrusion of eye ball

Symptoms:
Eye lids forced apart
Blurred or double vision
Constant drying and pain of eye

19
Q

What are the causes of Exophthalmos

A 
Volume of tissue behind eye increasing
Graves disease
Hyperthyroidism
Infection of sinuses
One eye protruding: cancer, brain tumour, cyst
20
Q

What is cataracts and its symptoms

A

Clouding of lens in eye

Symptoms:
Blurriness
Gradual decrease in eye sight
Colour faded
Discomfort in bright lights
21
Q

What are the risk factors of cataracts and how do you treat it

A

Smoking
Overexposure to light
STEROIDS (long use time)

Surgery: removal of lens and replacement with artificial one

22
Q

What is Keratoconjuctivitis sicca and its symptoms

A

Dry eye syndrome: reduced production of tears

Symptoms:
Ocular irritation
Typical bilateral presentation
Worsens through the day 
Redness of eyes
Complications: scarring, conjunctivitis, light sensitivity, corneal thins
23
Q

What are the causes of keratoconjuctivtis sicca and treatment

A 
Causes: 
Environmental factors
Concomitant illness
Hormonal changes
Ageing
Tear fluid loss

Treatment:
Ocular lubricant use like carbomer or hydroxyethylcellulose

24
Q

What is glaucoma and the symptoms

A

Gradual increased eyeball pressure which leads to eye sight loss

Symptoms:
Hazy or blurry vision
Impairment of peripheral vision
Largely asymptomatic
Nausea or vomiting
Sudden sight loss
25
Q

What are the causes of glaucoma

A
  1. Mainly when the aqueous humour cannot be drained away from eye due to the trabecular meshwork (does the draining) being blocked
  2. The optic nerve is then damaged by the extensive pressure built up which leads to sight loss
26
Q

What are the two glaucoma types

A

Open angled: slow clogging of drainage canal that develops slowly (life long)

Angle Closure: Blocked drainage canal (rise intraocular pressure)
Develops quickly

27
Q

What are the risk factors of glaucoma

A

Age: older you are, more at risk

Blood pressure: lower pressure, higher risk

Race: afro carribean, african: lead to chronic open angle glaucoma

Family History: Close relatives with glaucoma at higher risk

Medical history: diabetic patients at increased risk of developing it

28
Q

How do you treat glaucoma and why do you use these therapies

A
  1. Prostaglandin analogues Latanoprost: Increases flow of fluid out of eye (aqueous humour) to reduce intraocular pressure
  2. Beta blockers: Timolol Maleate: reduces intraocular pressure by slowing production of aqueous humour in eye
  3. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: Brinzolamide: Reduces amount of aqueous humour produced which lowers pressure
  4. Sympathomimetic: Brimonidine Tartate: Reduces production of aqueous humour and increases drainage
  5. Miotics: Pilocarpine Hydrochloride: Opens up the trabecular framework to allow drainage of eye
29
Q

What are the symptoms and causes of acute injury to eye (foreign body corneal scratch)

A 
Symptom:
Dry eye sensation
Sensation of foreign body 
Appearance: redness
excessive tear production
Causes: 
Superficial trauma 
fingernails
Power tools
Sand, grit, mud
30
Q

What are the symptoms of diabetic retinopathy

A

Early stages: non proliferative diabetic retinopathy

Only detectable early stage by FUNDUS photography

Later stages: vessels proliferate and vision deteriorates

31
Q

What are the causes of diabetic retinopathy

A

Microvascular changes lead to degeneration of vascular walls

Affects 80% of patients with diabetes for 10 years onwards

90% cases preventable

32
Q

What are the treatment options of diabetic retinopathy

A

Appropriate glucose control

Intravitreal injection: corticosteroid like fluocinolone acetone

Operation to remove blood or scar tissue

33
Q

What is subconjunctivital haemorrhage, its symptoms and causes and treatment

A

Symptoms: blood burst from blood vessel, initial pain disappears, no vision change

Causes: mild physical trauma

Self limiting

34
Q

What is age related vascular degeneration and its symptoms

A

painless eye condition: caused by loss of central vision in both eyes

Symptoms: difficult reading, colours less vibrant, faces difficult to recognise

35
Q

What are the types of vascular degeneration

A

Types:
DRY AMD: cells become damaged with build up of druse

Wet AMD: when abnormal blood vessels form beneath macula

36
Q

How do you treat vascular degeneration

A

No cure for either

Wet AMD: anti-vascular endothelial growth factor: Ranibizumab

37
Q

What is myopia and the causes of it

A

Distant objects: blurred
Close objects: seen clearly
Occurs between childhood to adulthood

Causes:
Light not properly focused on retina
Eyes too long front to back
Cornea: too steeply curved

38
Q

How do you correct myopia or hyperopia

A

Lenses (glasses or contact lenses used)

Myopia: concave lenses

Hyperopia: convex lens

39
Q

What are the different contact lens types

A

Rigid (hard or gas permeable)

Soft (hydrogel or silicone hydrogel)

Requires: ONCE a day, strict cleaning compliance

Complications: papillary conjunctivitis, ulcerative keratitis, acanthamoeba keratitis

PM3A: Spring (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions