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PM3A: Spring > Introduction to the skin > Flashcards

Introduction to the skin Flashcards

1
Q

What is the integumentary system?

A

The organ system that protects the body from damage, comprising of the skin and its appendages (includes hair, nails)

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2
Q

What are the functions of the integumentary system?

A
  1. Thermal insulation (fatty layer)
  2. Cutaneous sensation
  3. Metabolic functions- synthesising vitamin D from cholesterol molecules
  4. Blood reservoir- holds 5% of entire blood volume
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3
Q

What are the three structures of the skin?

A
  1. Epidermis
  2. Dermis
  3. Subcutaneous Layer
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4
Q

What is the role of the subcutaneous layer?

A

Provides mechanical protection against

  1. Physical shock
  2. Insulation of the body
  3. Provides storage of energy molecules
  4. Carries principle blood vessels and nerve to skin
  5. Important barrier to transdermal and topical drug delivery
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5
Q

What is the dermis and what appendage structures does it contain?

A

Overlying fatty layer formed of collagen and elastin in a mucopolysaccharide gel, provides an aqueous environment similar to hydrogel

  1. Nerve endings
  2. Pilosebaceous units (hair follicles and sebaceous glands)
  3. Eccrine
  4. Apocrine sweat glands
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6
Q

What is the role of the dermis?

A
  1. Regulation of body temperature
  2. Wound repairing
  3. Delivering oxygen and nutrients to tissue
  4. Removing waste products
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7
Q

How does dermis allow drug to be delivered?

A

A rich blood flow allows the dermal concentration of drugs to be low

This allows drugs to flow from high concentration on skin to low concentration

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8
Q

What are the four skin types in the epidermis and what they lead to if they’re not properly functioning? CGSB

A
  1. Stratum Corneum- damaged barrier and eczema
  2. Stratum Granulosum-
  3. Stratum Spinosum- Spinous cell carcinoma
  4. Stratum Basale- hyper proliferation leads to psoriasis, basal cell carcinoma
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9
Q

What are the cells within the EPIDERMIS and their functions? MMKL

A
  1. Keratinocytes: production of keratin, a fibrous protein that gives protective properties
    Arises in deepest part of stratum basale that undergoes continuous division
  2. Melanocytes: synthesises MELANIN, used as a pigment shield against damaging effect of UV radiation in cell nucleus
  3. Merkel Cells: low abundance disc like sensory nerve endings that function for touch sense
  4. Langerhan’s cells: Dendritic cells formed from bone marrow, process microbial antigens to become antigen presenting cells
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10
Q

What are the different appendages of the skin?

A
  1. Sweat glands
  2. Sebaceous oil glands
  3. Nails
  4. Hair follicles
  5. Hair
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11
Q

What are the two different sweat glands and describe them

A
  1. Eccrine Sweat glands: simple coiled tubular glands that secrete sweat made of 99% water, vitamin C, urea
  2. Apocrine Sweat glands: larger than eccrine and found on top of hair follicles, secretes sweat, fatty substance and protein.
    Odourless but mixes with bacteria of skin to produce body odour
    Some can produce ear wax and mammary glands can make milk
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12
Q

What are nails?

A

Tough keratinised layer with lower lipid levels than the stratum corneum

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13
Q

Define transdermal

A

Delivery across skin for systemic action

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14
Q

Explain why transdermal delivery is good

A
  1. Allows controlled systemic delivery in a controlled manner
  2. Large surface area with numerous sites
  3. Good patient compliance
  4. Easy cessation
  5. Avoids first pass metabolism
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15
Q

Give examples of drugs that adopt transdermal delivery

A
  1. Nitroglycerin
  2. Clonidine
  3. Nicotine
  4. Estradiol
  5. Testosterone
  6. Fentanyl
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16
Q

Describe the three ways drug molecules can diffuse through the stratum corneum through the epidermis and dermis?

A
  1. Intracellular route (transcellular)- diffusion straight across the stratum corneum brick layers
  2. Intercellular route- goes through pores in the stratum corneum
  3. Shunts- goes through gaps in appendages like apocrine or eccrine routes, sebaceous secreting glands
17
Q

Give examples of lipids found in the stratum corneum

A

Ceramides

Fatty acids

Cholesterol

Cholestreyl sulphate

Sterol/wax esters

18
Q

What is a permeant

A

The molecule moving into or through skin: usually drug may be excipient as well

19
Q

What is flux

A

Rate of permeant crossing the skin in micrograms/cm2/hour

20
Q

What is the permeability co-efficient Kp

A

The speed of permeant transport in cm/hour

21
Q

What is the diffusion co-efficient D

A

Fundamental property of permeant in a membrane: skin in cm2/hr

22
Q

What is the equation to work out flux?

A

Flux= aD/yh

a= thermodynamic activity
D= diffusion co-efficient
y= activity in the membrane
h= membrane (stratum corneum) thickness
23
Q

How do you measure delivery through skin?

A

Franz measuring tool: skin between donor and receptor chamber, receptor dissolves drug at 32 degrees and samples taken with assay time

24
Q

How do you measure dose delivered and bioavailability of topical gel and cream

A

Using AUC

PM3A: Spring (16 decks)

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