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Politics > October test > Flashcards

October test Flashcards

1
Q

How do citizens participate in democracies other than voting?

A

Boycotting
Campaigning
Joining pressure groups
Going on strike -> direct action
Protests
Petitions
Social Media Statements/ Reports

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2
Q

What is legitimacy?

A

The right to exercise power.
A ‘right to rule’ that encourages citizens to obey the state, rather than compels them.

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3
Q

How can legitimacy be achieved?

A

The double vote
Manifesto
A mandate

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4
Q

What is the double vote?

A

a line of representation from the citizen to the issue/ policy

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5
Q

What is the difference between a manifesto and a mandate?

A

A MANIFESTO is a list of policies put forward by a party before an election.
A MANDATE is a term used that a government has the right to implement the policies in their manifesto.

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6
Q

Just over _% of the UK population is a member of a political party. The ____ has more members than ALL UK parties put together!

A

1%
RSPB

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7
Q

How is the decline in party membership a problem?

A

Reduced party funds + their pool of committed activists who campaign for them.
Much more limited choice of candidates to put up for election at all levels.

For the public -> smaller groups of people influencing the direction of party policy, impacting everyone.

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8
Q

How has turnout changed throughout UK general elections?

A

Varies.
Declined but slightly increasing over recent years.

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9
Q

What are 3 of 5 main reasons FOR a participation crisis?

A

Decline in party membership.
Electoral Participation: decline in turnout
Levels of trust in politicians are at record lows.
“Hapathy” amongst voters
The weakening of group power

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10
Q

What are 3 of 4 main reasons AGAINST participation crisis?

A

1) Increasing turnout
2) More parties
3) Single issue outsider Pressure Groups & Social movements are growing fast “Politics of Particularism”
4) Participation via internet and social media

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11
Q

What are 3 examples of single issue outsider pressure groups and social movements?

A

STOPOIL & Extinction Rebellion
BLM
RMT

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12
Q

Give 4 ways to improve democracy and participation in the UK?

A

Referendums and initiatives
Recall elections
Primary elections
Lower voting age
Compulsory voting
Digital democracy

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13
Q

Give a FOR compulsory voting

A

Greater legitimacy
Increased participation
Civic duty
Stronger social justice

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14
Q

Give an AGAINST compulsory voting

A

Worthless votes
Distorted political justice
Cosmetic democracy
Abuse of freedom

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15
Q

Give a FOR lowering voting age

A

Responsibilities without rights
Youth interests ignored
Stronger political engagement
Irrational cut-off age

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16
Q

Give an AGAINST lowering voting age

A

Immature voters
Preserving ‘childhood’
Deferred representation
Undermining turnout

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17
Q

Give a FOR using digital democracy

A

Easier participation
Access to Informatiom
Ease of organisation
Power to the people

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18
Q

Give an AGAINST using digital democracy

A

Electoral malpractice
‘Virtual’ democracy
Digital divide
Anti-democratic forces

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19
Q

General Definition of PRESSURE GROUPS:

1) An organised _____ that seeks to __________ government policy and ___________.
2) Can either be _______ or through public opinion.
3) Members are united by a _______ set of beliefs or interests.
4) Pressure groups normally have a _______ interest, whilst parties on the other hand stand for a very wide range of issues.
5) They can be _________ groups or ___________ & Insider or outsider.

A

General Definition of PRESSURE GROUPS:

1) An organised group that seeks to influence government policy and legislation.
2) Can either be directly or through public opinion.
3) Members are united by a shared set of beliefs or interests.
4) Pressure groups normally have a narrow interest, whilst parties on the other hand stand for a very wide range of issues.
5) They can be sectional groups or promotional & Insider or outsider.

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20
Q

General definition of SOCIAL MOVEMENT:
1) Large groupings of individuals or ____________ which focus on specific ________ social issues.
2) Broader and more _____________ than Pressure groups. Often a __________ of groups, or individuals from different pressure groups, working together.
3) Often _______ technology/ the internet to mobilise people globally.
4) Provide a way of social change from the “bottom up”.

A

General definition of SOCIAL MOVEMENT:
1) Large groupings of individuals or organisations which focus on specific political social issues.
2) Broader and more informational than Pressure groups. Often a collection of groups, or individuals from different pressure groups, working together.
3) Often utilise technology/ the internet to mobilise people globally.
4) Provide a way of social change from the “bottom up”.

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21
Q

What are the four classifications of pressure groups?

A

Sectional/ interest
Promotional/ cause
Insider
Outsider

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22
Q

Sectional/ interest pressure groups…

A

… represent the interest of a section of society.
- Membership is exclusive
- Usually more likely to be permanent.

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23
Q

Promotional/ cause pressure groups…

A

… promote causes/ ideals UNrelated to personal professional or economic interests.
- Members motivated by moral concerns.
- membership isn’t usually restricted.

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24
Q

Give an example of a promotional/ cause pressure group:

A

Shelter
Greenpeacr

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25
Q

What is an INSIDER pressure group?

A

They operate inside the decision-making process.
They abide by the rules of the game.
WHY? Police credibility
Same Ideology
Power

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26
Q

What is an OUTSIDER pressure group?

A

No government access.
They wish to retain freedom.
Their ideology is not accepted.
They exert influence indirectly

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27
Q

What is direct action?

A

The use of violent/ non-violent protest to attempt to pressure the government to meet demands.
Eg. LEGALLY) Strikes, sit-ins, boycotts
ILLEGALLY) harassment, property damage, trespassing

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28
Q

What are supranational issues?

A

Issues going beyond a single nation’s borders.
Eg. Environment, terrorism, international trade

29
Q

What is lobbying?

A

Attempts to influence government decisions.

30
Q

What is indirect lobbying?

A

Outsider groups pressure the govt indirectly, focusing their efforts on the public, hoping they will pressure representatives.
Eg. Collect polling data, encourage support, educate with media campains, MPs held accountable at elections

31
Q

Give 4 methods of pressure groups, both instead and outsider:

A

Lobbying
Research and publish reports
Publicity stunts
Strike
Digital campaigns
Use a celebrity spokesperson
Bring test cases to court
Give evidence as hearings
Civil disobedience
Organise publicity campaigns
Organise public demonstrations

32
Q

Give 4 factors increasing the influence of Pressure Groups:

A

Insider status
Wealth/ finance
Large membership
Organisation and leadership
Public support/ opinion
Celebrity involvement

33
Q

Give an example of where public support/ opinion had an increased influence on PGs

A

Snowdrop campaign - 1990s - banned handguns very quickly (Dunblane)

34
Q

Give an example of where celebrity involvement increased the influence of PGs

A

Marcus Tashford - free meals victory
Jamie Oliver - school dinners

35
Q

Give 4 factors which decrease the influence of PGs (their reason for failure)

A

The goal contradicts a government policy
The government can resist pressure from the group.
Countervailing forces
The goals of the group act against popular opinion.
The group alienates the public.

36
Q

PLURALIST DEMOCRACY
1) Power is widely __________ in society.
2) There is a real and broad ______ of parties and pressure groups
3) The state is ________ and operates as a “broker”

A

1) dispersed
2) choice
3) neutral

37
Q

Give the Four brainstormed out from The Government.

A

Pressure Groups
Social Movements
Think Tanks
Public Opinion

38
Q

Briefly define Elitism
1) Political power is c__________ in the hands of the few - E_____!
2) Power is unequally divided: Elite PGs wield great power and influence
3) Liberal democracy is “a shown” to mislead people
4) Difference between a voice… and power!

A

concentrated
Elites!

39
Q

Problem with lobbying: who can…

A

… afford the lobbyist?

40
Q

2 Evidence for Elitism?

A

Elite private schools
Some pressure groups powerful, others not
Governments aren’t neutral when it comes to PGs -> listen to some, not others.

41
Q

What did the ECHR rule about prisoner’s rights?

A

That banning most prisoners from voting is a breach of their human rights

42
Q

What pressure group campaigns for prisoner voting rights?

A

The prison reform trust

43
Q

What was the precise goal of the prisoner voting right campaign?

A

Reduce imprisonment and improve conditions for prisoners and their families

44
Q

What success can the group be said to have achieved? Prison votes

A

Influenced govt decisions to implement reforms aiming to improve criminal justice system and support.

45
Q

Give 2 FOR prisoners having the vote

A

Difference in prison crimes
Reform prisoners, not remove rights

46
Q

Give 2 AGAINST prisoners having the vote.

A

Law broken -> lose right to contribute to political decisions in the country.
Prisoners sway each-other voting

47
Q

Broad objective of BLM

A

End racial bias and police brutality

48
Q

Campaigning methods of BLM

A

Protest
Demonstrations

49
Q

Success BLM

A

Set agenda - anti-race bias
Public consciousness

50
Q

Failures BLM

A

To defund police
Become an insider group
Eradicate beliefs not accepted

51
Q

Just Stop Oil aims

A

Fossil fuel ban

52
Q

Just Stop Oil methods of campaign

A

Civil resistance
Vandalism
Traffic-blocking

53
Q

JSO successes

A

No new oil and gas licences UK
Put oil-stopping on agenda
News attention

54
Q

JSO failures

A

Bad rep
Prominent fossil fuel usage in the UK still
Media framing -> as middle-class extremists

55
Q

Sectional group (RMT) aims

A

To protect and better their members’ pay and conditions

56
Q

Sectional group (RMT) campaign methods

A

Strikes
Political lobbying participation
Press conferences
Taking things to court

57
Q

Sectional group (RMT) successes

A

Offered a rise

58
Q

Sectional group (RMT) failures

A

Ongoing challenges in teaching desired outcome for members

59
Q

Elite group (UK finance) aims

A

Informs and educates about issues related to financial services industry, eg, banking

60
Q

Elite group (UK Finance) campaign methods

A

Utilise lobbying efforts to influence govt policies and regulations impacting the industry
Engages in public relations campaigns to shape public opinion of banking sector

61
Q

Name a right-wing think a tank.
How are they linked to the govt?

A

Policy exchange
Founded by conservative MPs in 2002.

62
Q

Name a left wing think tank.
What is their link to govt?

A

The Fabian Society
Affiliated to Labour Party and work closely with labour politicians.

63
Q

What is a think tank?

A

An organisation providing advice, ideas, and performing research on particular policies or economic issues.

64
Q

What are the aims/ objectives the right wing think tank Policy Exchange?

A

TBetter public services
Stronger society
More dynamic economy

65
Q

What are the aims/ objectives of the left wing think tank Fabian Society?

A

Greater power equality, wealth and opportunity
Accountable, tolerant, and active democracy
Citizenship, liberty, and human rights
The value of collective action and public service
Sustainable development

66
Q

Policy exchange is the UK’s l_______ think tank.
However, it is one of the least t________ think tanks as it doesn’t really disclose funding sources.

A

leading
transparent

67
Q

The Fabian Society lobbied for the introduction of a m________ wage in 1906.
However, the FS was denounced for its f_______ to support the uprising of Easter 1916 in Dublin.

A

Minimum
failure

68
Q

A __________ group is a broad term encompassing any political group that attempts to influence those in power without seeking power themselves. There are two types of pressure groups: insider and outsider. While insider pressure groups work with the government to achieve their aims, outsider pressure groups do not work with the government. Think tanks and lobbyists are insider pressure groups since they achieve their aims by intimately working with the government.

A

pressure

Politics (7 decks)

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