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Psychology 1000 > October Midterm > Flashcards

October Midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

Who is John B. Watson

A
  • founded behaviourism

- believed that humans are products of learning

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2
Q

Who is Sigmund Freud

A
  • pioneered psychoanalysis
  • trained as a medical doctor
  • was trying to understand “hysteria”
  • determined that they must be psycholgical
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3
Q

Who is William James

A
  • founded second psychology lab
  • wrote first textbook
  • wrote a lot about behaviour
  • was a functionalist
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4
Q

Who is Wilhelm Wundt

A
  • Father of psychology
  • started giving out degrees in psychology
  • first psychological lab
  • was structuralist
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5
Q

What is Cognitive Perspective

A
  • examines mental processes

- Gestalt Psychology: based on idea that the mind perceives things as a whole rather than in parts

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6
Q

What is Biological Perspective

A
  • examines how brain processes and other bodily functions regulate behaviour
  • Sociobiology: social behaviours are the products of evolution, as they better allow the passing of genes (aggression, competition, nurturing)
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7
Q

What is Sociocultural Perspective

A
  • examines how social environment affects behaviour, thoughts, feelings
  • Cultural Psychology: examines how culture (values, beliefs, behaviour, traditions) are passed on
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8
Q

What is Humanistic Perspective

A
  • pioneered by Carl Rogers
  • focus on values and choice
  • helps people “fulfill their full potential”
  • came up with the idea of “self conception”
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9
Q

What is Psychodynamic Perspective

A
  • was pioneered by Freud
  • studies behaviour within the inner working of the mind
    emphasizes unconscious processes
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10
Q

What is Behaviourism Perspective

A
  • forget the “mind”, focus on actual observable behaviour
  • discuss how behaviour changes under various conditions
  • focus on external environment
  • Law of effect: learning us key to how experiences shapes behavior
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11
Q

What are the 6 Modern Psychological Perspectives

A
  1. Behaviourism
  2. Psychodynamic
  3. Humanistic
  4. Sociocultural
  5. Biological
  6. Cognitive
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12
Q

Structuralism Vs. Functionalism

A

Structuralism
- analysis of the brains basic structure in terms of basic elements

Functionalism
- study of functions of consciousness rather than structure. how do mental processes help us adapt.

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13
Q

What is British Empiricism

A

all ideas and knowledge are gained through the senses

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14
Q

What is Monism

A

Mental events corresponds to physical events in the brain. This philosophy allows us to learn about the mind by studying the brain

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15
Q

What is Mind-Body Dualism

A

When you believe the mind is a spiritual entity separate from the body. Impossible to learn about the mind from the brain if you believe this.

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16
Q

3 levels of psychology

A
  1. Biological
  2. Psychological
  3. Environmental/Cultural
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17
Q

what are the psychology goals

A
  • Describe how people behave
  • Explain causes of behaviour
  • Predict how people will behave
  • Influence behaviour to enhance human welfare
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18
Q

2 kinds of experimental psych w/ definitions

A
  1. Cognitive Psychology
    - mental processes, mind as info processor
  2. Biopsychology
    - the effect of genes & hormones on behaviour
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19
Q

what is personality psych

A

identify core personality traits and how they relate and influence behaviour

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20
Q

what is developmental psych

A

study of human physical, physiological and social development across a lifespan

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21
Q

what is social psych

A
  • peoples influence on each other
  • behaviour in groups
  • impressions, love, predjudice
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22
Q

what is industrial-organizational psych

A

leadership, teamwork, satisfaction motivation and performance

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23
Q

what is experimental psychology

A

study of learning, senses, perception and motivation through experiments… opposite of Clinical Psychology

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24
Q

what is educational psych

A

how do ppl learn and how can they be helped

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25
Q

What is Clinical Psychology

A

The study and treatment of mental disorders

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26
Q

What is Psychology

A

The study of behaviour and the mind

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27
Q

Who is Thorndike

A
  • discovered that organisms learn through the consequences of their actions (law of effect)
  • behaviourist
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28
Q

Who is Ivan Pavlov

A
  • Medical researcher
  • realized that dogs salivate before food is shown to them because they learn to associate him with food
  • discovered “Classical Conditioning”
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29
Q

Who is Skinner

A
  • says learning is about punishment and reward
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30
Q

Who is Piaget

A
  • studied how kids develop intelligence
  • said kids don’t think like adults
  • Piagetian Theory is named after him
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31
Q

Who is Carl Rogers

A
  • humanistic

- created Rogerian therapy

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32
Q

What is the Scientific Process

A
  1. Identify
  2. Gather
  3. Test
  4. Analyze
  5. Build
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33
Q

What is Naturalistic Observation

A

observe behaviour in a natural setting, attempting to avoid influencing behaviour

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34
Q

What is a Case Study

A

in-depth study of one individual, group, or event

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35
Q

What are some survey methods and what do they do

A

Population: all individuals we are interested in

Sample: subset drawn from the larger population

Representative Sample: reflects important characteristics of population

Stratified Random Sampling: if 45% of the population is male, then 45% of random sample spaces would be for males

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36
Q

What is a Bidirectionality Problem

A

does “X” cause “Y” OR does “Y” cause “X”… Maybe they both influence eachother

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37
Q

Meaning of Control between subjects

A

Control and experimental groups are separate people

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38
Q

What is Double-Blind

A

When neither subject nor tester know which experimental condition the subject is under (this is the gold standard)

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39
Q

What is Meta-analysis

A

Statistically combining the results of different studies ti examine their overall significance

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40
Q

What is incomplete disclosure

A

Not telling subject what you are actually testing them about

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41
Q

What do dendrites do

A

Collect messages from other neurons and send them to the cell body

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42
Q

What do the Axons do

A

Sends electrical impulses to other neurons, muscles, glands. They generate “action potential”

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43
Q

What do the Glial Cells do

A

Hold neurons in place, make food for neurons, absorb toxins

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44
Q

What is the function of the Cell Body

A

Biochemical structures that keep the neuron alive, carries genetic info

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45
Q

What is the Myelin Sheath

A

Insulation layer derived from glial cells that cover some axons. Makes action potential travel down the axon faster. Broken up into nodes of ranvier

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46
Q

What do neurons communicate through

A

Action potentials

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47
Q

What is resting potential

A

When there is no communication happening, the charge inside the neuron is negative and the surrounded by positively charged sodium

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48
Q

Process of Neuron Communication

A
  1. ) Neuron is electrically stimulated
  2. ) Once and only once the threshold of -55mv is reached, the sodium channels open
  3. ) Sodium flows in, depolarizing the neuron
  4. ) Neuron goes through an “absolute refractory period” where it can not be excited until resting potential is restored
  5. ) Sodium channels are closed and the potassium channels are opened. Potassium is also positive and the cell is trying to dump positive charge to restore equilibrium “repolarization”
  6. ) Cell will briefly go below its resting potential. This is called “hyperpolarization”
  7. ) Cell then enters relative refractory period where it is able to fire agian
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49
Q

What is synapse

A

It is the space between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of the connection neuron

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50
Q

What are Neurotransmitters

A

Chemicals that travel across the synapse to excite (EPSP) or inhibit (IPSP) other neurons. Whether they excite or inhibit depends on the neurotransmitter and the receptor receiving it

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51
Q

What is the Life Cycle of a Neurotransmitter

A
  1. ) Formed in the neuron
  2. ) Stored in synaptic vesicles in axon terminals
  3. ) When the action potential comes down axon, they are released into fluid between neurons
  4. ) They then bind to receptor sites of the receiving neuron’s membrane (specific transmitters fit specific receptors)
  5. ) Receiving neuron either;
    - is excited (inflow of positive ions)
    - is hyperpolarized by inhibitor transmitters (outflow of positive ions or inflow of negative ions)
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52
Q

What is Glutamic Acid

A
  • Excitatory

- Involved in all behavior, learning & memory

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53
Q

What is Dopamine

A
  • Motivation, reward, pleasure
  • Voluntary motor control
  • Thought process
  • Not enough is related to Parkinson.s and depression
  • Too much causes schizophrenia
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54
Q

What is GABA

A
  • Inhibitory
    Anxiety & Motor Control
  • Alcohol makes the brain more sensitive to it
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55
Q

What are Endorphins

A
  • Reduce pain, increase well being
  • Bind to same receptors as opiates
  • Act as pain-relievers in severe injury
56
Q

What is Acetycholine

A
  • Memory & muscle activity
  • Lack of it causes Alzheimer’s
  • Botulism blocks its release from axon, causes paralysis
  • Black Widow venom causes a torrent of it, causing convulsions
57
Q

What are Neuromodulators

A
  • Circulate brain and decrease/increase sensitivity of neurons
  • Involved in eating/sleep/stress
58
Q

What is Norepinephrine

A
  • Involved in arousal and eating

- Inhibitory & also excitatory depending on receptor

59
Q

What is Serotonin

A
  • Mood, eating, sleep, sex
  • Depression & sleep/eating disorders are treated by blocking reuptake, deactivation of serotonin so that it’s effects keep going
60
Q

Antagonist VS. Agonist

A

Antagonist
- drug that inhibits activity of a neurotransmitter

Agnostic
- drug that increases activity of a neurotransmitter

61
Q

What does alcohol do to the body

A
  • Stimulates GABA
  • Inhibits glutamic acid
  • Causes slowing of neural activity
62
Q

What does Caffeine do to the body

A
  • Antagonistic for adenosine, a chemical that inhibits excitatory transmitters (and causes tiredness)
63
Q

What does Rohypnol & GHB do to the body

A
  • Date rape drugs

- Powerful sedative that enhance GABA

64
Q

What does Amphetamines do to the body

A
  • Increase dopamine and norepinephrine activity

- Does this by increasing production and preventing reuptake

65
Q

What does Nicotine do to the body

A
  • Mimics ACh and stimulates dopamine

- The feeling received from dopamine is what causes the addiction

66
Q

What does Cocaine do to the body

A
  • Stimulates release of dopamine

- Prevents its re-uptake

67
Q

What are sensory neurons

A

neurons that send messages from sense organs to brain

68
Q

What are Interneurons

A

The most abundant neurons, have a connective function

69
Q

What is the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

Neurons that connect muscles, glands, and sensory receptors

70
Q

What is the Somatic Nervous System

A
  • voluntary movements

- consists of sensory and motor neurons

71
Q

What is the Autonomic Nervous System

A
  • make up of glands and the involuntary muscles of organs

- also involved in motivation, emotional behavior and stress response

72
Q

What are the 2 types of ANS and their functions

A
  1. ) Sympathetic Nervous System
    - responsible for “fight-or-flight”
    - Ex. speeds up heart, dilates pupils, increases oxygen
  2. ) Parasympathetic Nervous System
    - slows down body, returns you to rest
    - both work together to maintain “homeostasis”
73
Q

What is the CNS

A

Central Nervous System and consists of neurons only in brain and spinal cord

74
Q

Part function of the spinal cord

A
  • nerves enter and leave the CNS through spinal cord

- the vertebrae protects the nerves

75
Q

What are spinal reflexes

A

It is when your body can react to certain situations before the signal even reaches your brain
- Ex.) touching a hot stove

76
Q

Components of Hindbrain and their functions

A
  1. Medulla
    - right off of spinal cord
    - regulates heart rate, respiration
  2. Pons
    - bridge between the nerve impulses of the higher and lower levels of the nervous system
    - involved in sleep/dreaming
  3. Cerebellum
    - muscular movement coordination, learning & memories
    - regulates movements that require timing
    - alcohol affects this and makes you uncoordinated
77
Q

Function of the Midbrain

A
  • cluster of sensory & motor neurons, and fibre tracts
  • relay centre for visual/auditory system
  • control eye movements
78
Q

What is Reticular Formation

A
  • Gatekeeper of the brain
  • Alerts higher brain messages, and decides where to block/allow them
  • Some anesthetics disables the part that sends messages to the higher brain
  • The blocking/allowing function helps you block out distraction
  • Stimulation can produce instant sleep or wakefulness
79
Q

Components of the Forebrain (Cerebrum) and their functions

A
  1. Thalamus
    - sensory relay station/switchboard
    - from here, sensations go to higher brain regions and for perceptions
  2. Basal Ganglia
    - controls voluntary motor control
    - in Parkinson’s the neurons that supply it with dopamine die
  3. Hypothalamus
    - controls biological drives (sex drive, temperature regulation, hunger, eating, drinking, aggression)
    - controls hormone secretions
80
Q

What is the job of the Limbic System

A
  • help to satisfy motivation and emotional urges caused by the hypothalamus
  • responsive for goal directed sequences
81
Q

Function of the Hippocampus

A
  • forms and retrieves memories

- damage can prevent long term memory

82
Q

Function of the Amygdala

A
  • organizes emotional response patterns (aggression, fear)

- can produce unconscious emotional responses

83
Q

Cerebral Cortex consists of what parts

A
  • Frontal Lobe
  • Parietal Lobe
  • Occipital Lobe
  • Temporal Lobe
84
Q

Components of the Frontal Lobe and their functions

A
  1. Motor Cortex
    - each part of it controls a part of body’s voluntary movements
    - right controls left side of body and vice versa
  2. Prefrontal Cortex
    - “executive function” is goal setting and judgement
    - murderers lack this function
  3. Broca’s Area
    - controls speech, motor movements of speech and grammar/word choice
    - damage still lets you understand speech but you cannot speak it yourself
85
Q

Function of the Somatic Sensory Cortex in the Parietal Lobe

A
  • same thing as motor cortex but regarding touch
  • specific areas are responsible for specific body parts
  • more sensitive areas of the body have more cortex devoted to them (fingers, lips, tongue)
  • sensory cortex learns from experience… If you learn braille, the fingertip portion gets bigger
86
Q

Parts and functions of the Occipital Lobe

A
  1. Dorsal side
    - sends information about orientation and movement of objects to the parietal lobe
  2. Ventral side
    - sends information about recognition to the temporal lobe
    - cases reported that when damaged people can pick up objects but not recognize what they are
87
Q

Component and function of the Temporal Lobe

A

Wernicke’s Area

  • responsible for learning comprehension
  • in contrast to Broca’s area on the frontal lobe, which is responsible for language production
88
Q

What is the Association Cortex

A
  • involved in thought, memory, and perception (highest level mental functions)
  • called “silent areas” because electrical stimulation does not cause experiences.responses
  • this is the source of the MYTH that we only use 10% of our brains
  • makes up 75% of the cerebral cortex
89
Q

3 types of brain imaging and quick description of each

A
  1. CAT scans
    - x-rays, pictures
  2. PET scans
    - inject radioactive glucose into the blood to see brain activity
  3. MRIs
    - expose to very strong magnetic field
    - presents best structural information
    - can watch the brain live
90
Q

What is the Corpus Callosum

A

It connects the two hemispheres of the brain

91
Q

What is Lateralization

A

Greater localization of a function on one side of the brain

92
Q

Things controlled more efficiently by the Left & Right Hemisphere

A

LEFT

  • verbal/speech, language
  • math logic
  • positive emotions

RIGHT

  • mental imagery
  • music and artistic functions
  • spacial relationships
  • negative emotions
93
Q

Why do Chinese people process language more in the right hemisphere?

A

They process their language more in the right hemisphere because Chinese is more picture like than English language for example

94
Q

What is Plasticy

A

Neurons reassigning functions to fix brain damage early on in life

95
Q

What are the effects of the following Neural Disorders; Apraxia, Agnosia, Aphasia

A

Apraxia: inability to perform smooth motor movements

Agnosia: inability to interpret sensory information

Aphasia: speech disorder

  • Broca’s expressed Aphasia results in difficulty stringing words together (apraxia)
  • Wernicke’s expressed Aphasia results in difficulty in understanding (agnosia)
96
Q

What is Hemispatial Neglect

A
  • caused by a stroke to the right hemisphere
  • parietal and temporal lobes are affected
  • only found in humans
97
Q

What is Split Brain Operation

A
  • person suffering from severe epilepsy
  • corpus callosum is severed deliberately to prevent seizures from spreading across hemispheres
  • if you flash something in front of their right visual field, they can tell you verbally what it was
  • if you flash something in front of their left visual field, they can only write down what it was
98
Q

What is a Genotype

A

Specific genetic makeup of an individual

99
Q

What is a Phenotype

A

The resulting characteristics/behaviour caused by their genotype

100
Q

What is Polygenic Transmission

A

Several genes influence one phenotype

101
Q

What are Recombinant DNA procedures

A

Combine DNA from two organisms and put them back into one

102
Q

What is Gene Knockout

A

When a specific gene is altered so it stops doing anything

103
Q

What is Concordance

A

The inheritance of the same trait by two related individuals

104
Q

What is Adoption Study

A

Compare adopted people to their biological parents vs adopted parents

105
Q

What are Twin Studies

A

Study of identical or fraternal twins to determine heritability of certain traits

106
Q

What are Alleles

A

Alternate forms of a gene that produce different characteristics

107
Q

Meaning of Homozygous

A

Alleles have a predictable phenotypic outcome

108
Q

Meaning of Heterozygous

A

Alleles have different possible outcomes

109
Q

What is a Dominant Allele

A

Alleles that produce their effect in either homozygous or heterozygous mode

110
Q

What is a Recessive Allele

A

Alleles produce their effect on in homozygous mode

111
Q

Explain the Minnesota Twin Study

A
  • Landmark study following twins that were separated at birth
  • Genetic factors accounted for 39-58% of personality variation
  • Unique personal experiences accounted for 36-56%
  • Family environment did not matter
112
Q

Who is Galton and what did he do

A
  • Studied the relatives of intelligent people
  • Believed natural son of smart people did better than adopted ones
  • Measured simple motor and sensory abilities
  • Believed that intelligence was unitary (mental quickness)
  • Results were disappointing, but he did invent the correlation coefficient in the process
113
Q

Who is Sir Cyril Burt

A
  • Conducted a large scale study of twins reared apart
  • He reported that the heritability coefficient of intelligence was 1 (ex. all variation in intelligence is due to genetics)
  • Turns out HE MADE THE DATA UP
114
Q

Who is Bouchard

A
  • Estimated that the heritability coefficient of intelligence was 0.72 by studying twins
  • Scarr & Carter later responded that simply believing you are an identical twin is a big environmental factor. Twins who weren’t identical, but thought they were, had more similar intelligence
115
Q

What are Biological Based Mechanisms

A

Receive input from environment, process info and respond to it

116
Q

What is Evolution

A

Change over time in the frequency of certain genes in a population

117
Q

Change over time in the frequency of certain genes in a population

A

Natural Selection is characteristics that increase likelihood of survival and ability to reproduce will become more common over time

118
Q

What is PKU

A
  • Results in brain damage and mental retardation
119
Q

Tay Sachs Disease

A
  • Causes blindness, deaf, unable to swallow

- Fatal by age 4

120
Q

What is Huntington’s Disease

A
  • Breaks down muscle control
121
Q

What is the Evolutionary Personality Theory

A

Basic human personality traits are sculpted by natural selection
- Ex.) how well they help you survive. There are very few basic personality traits and they are found in every culture

122
Q

What is Polygyny

A

this is when male species has more sex with a wider range of different females. The females typically are discriminating of their mates
- Ex.) typically humans

123
Q

Meaning of Monogamy

A

equal sex for the man and the woman

- Ex.) birds

124
Q

Meaning of Polyandry

A

Opposite if Polygyny, where females have sex with a wider range of males. Males don’t have sex with many different women and this is very rare
Ex.) fish/insects

125
Q

Meaning of Polygyandry

A

When everyone has sex with everyone

Ex.) Bonobos

126
Q

What Men vs. Women prefer in mates

A

MEN

  • youth (reproductive potential)
  • hot
  • fit

WOMEN

  • older
  • rich
  • sign of high parental investment
127
Q

Cooperation vs. Altruism

A

Cooperation: helping someone for mutual benefit
Altruism: helping someone at personal cost

128
Q

What is the Kin Selection Theory

A

Argues altruism development to increase survival of relatives. Higher relatedness between people result in higher rates of altruism

129
Q

What is the Theory of Reciprocal Altruism

A

Argues that altruism is long term cooperation, and that it is practice with the hope to be repaid in the future
Ex) hoping for favour in the future

130
Q

List things about aggression

A
  • Competition for mates (arguing over hottest girls)
  • Aggression is built in and triggered by certain cues
  • Murder rates are correlated with income inequality (not unemployment or total wealth
131
Q

What is Genetic Determinism

A

Genes have unavoidable effects that cannot be altered

132
Q

What is Social Darwinism

A
  • Those at the top of the social latter are genetically the “best”
  • Evolution has no “plan”
  • The influence of culture and learning
133
Q

What are Proximal Causes of Behaviour

A

Immediate mechanisms to meet those needs

134
Q

What are Distal Causes of Behaviour

A

Evolutionary processes to meet those needs

135
Q

What is a Genetic Drift

A

It is when a disease travels until it reaches a place where it becomes isolated

136
Q

Meaning of Correlate of Structure

A

Because one trait is selected, other related traits are selected. Opposable thumb selection results in larger brain parts, shorter other fingers, etc…

Psychology 1000 (2 decks)

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