Oct 17 - Emotions and culture

Question 1

According to _________, display rules are “learned, culturally determined rules that govern the display of emotion depending on social circumstances”

__ [I am in some _____ situation]

____ [I need to ______ my expression in
this way]

Answer 1

According to Matsumoto, display rules are “learned, culturally determined rules that govern the display of emotion depending on social circumstances”

IF [I am in some social situation]

THEN [I need to control my expression in
this way]

Question 2

Culture and display rules study:

• Matsumoto (1990) surveyed ________ and _________ about display rules and found two important cultural differences:

1. individualism vs. collectivism
   (_____ is more collectivistic)
2. power distance
   (_____ is more hierarchical)

“All Japanease get high”

Answer 2

Culture and display rules study:

• Matsumoto (1990) surveyed Americans and Japanese about display rules
• Two important cultural differences:

1. individualism vs. collectivism
   (Japan is more collectivistic)
2. power distance
   (Japan is more hierarchical)

“All (collectivism) Japanease get high (hierarchical)”

Question 3

**Matsumoto: **Culture and display rules study

____________-___________: “the degree to which a culture encourages individual needs, wishes, desires, and values over group and collective ones”

(Japan is more ___________)

______ ______: the degree to which a culture emphasizes “power, status, and hierarchical (or ‘vertical’) relationships”

(Japan is more __________)

Answer 3

Matsumoto: Culture and display rules study

individualism-collectivism: “the degree to which a culture encourages individual needs, wishes, desires, and values over group and collective ones”

(Japan is more collectivistic)

power distance: the degree to which a culture emphasizes “power, status, and hierarchical (or ‘vertical’) relationships” (Matsumoto, 1990, p. 199)

(Japan is more hierarchical)

Question 4

Matsumoto’s Culture and display rules study: Hypothesis

collectivistic cultures: more sensitive than ___________ cultures to ingroup-outgroup differences

• IF I am around members of my own group
• THEN I may freely express _______ emotions but I should hide _______ emotions

high-power-distance cultures: more sensitive than ___-_____ ________ cultures to status

• IF I am around somebody with higher status
• THEN I may freely express _______ emotions but I should hide _______ emotions

Answer 4

Matsumoto’s Culture and display rules study: Hypothesis

collectivistic cultures: more sensitive than individualistic cultures to ingroup-outgroup differences

• IF: I am around members of my own group
• THEN: I may freely express positive emotions but I should hide negative emotions

high-power-distance cultures: more sensitive than low-power distance cultures to status

• IF I am around somebody with higher status
• THEN I may freely express positive emotions but I should hide negative emotions

“Express positive & hide negative”

Question 5

**Matsumoto’s Culture and display rules study: Findings **

• results generally __________ the predictions

Limitations

Later studies by Tsai and others have found support for _______ differences in ________ behavior

Answer 5

Matsumoto’s Culture and display rules study: Findings

expressive behavior

• results generally supported the predictions

Limitations

1. Just 2 countries (but Matsumoto later replicated with other countries)
2. Self-report

Later studies by Tsai and others have found support for cultural differences in expressive behavior

Question 6

Cultural “dialects” in facial expressions

• Elfenbein and Ambady (2002) reviewed all available studies of ______ _________
• Emotion recognition is always better-than-chance (________)
• But recognition within cultural groups is better (_________)
• Analogy: same _________, different ________

Answer 6

Cultural “dialects” in facial expressions

• Elfenbein and Ambady (2002) reviewed all available studies of emotion recognition

• Emotion recognition is always better-than-chance (universals)
• But recognition within cultural groups is better (specificity)
• Analogy: same language, different dialects

Question 7

Cultural differences in affect valuation:

European-American, Asian-American, and Chinese participants reported experiencing _______ emotions in their daily lives

BUT when asked what emotions they would ideally like to feel…
• European-Americans preferred _high-arousa_l positive emotions (_________)
• Chinese preferred low-arousal positive (____)

• Asian-Americans were _________

Conclusion: culture may relate to emotional ____ as much or more than to emotional ________

Answer 7

Cultural differences in affect valuation:

European-American, Asian-American, and Chinese participants reported experiencing similar emotions in their daily lives

BUT when asked what emotions they would ideally like to feel…
• European-Americans preferred high-arousal positive emotions (excitement)
• Chinese preferred low-arousal positive (calm)

• Asian-Americans were inbetween

Conclusion: culture may relate to emotional goals as much or more than to emotional experience

Question 8

Are there different emotions in different cultures?

Schadenfreude (German) means to….

Answer 8

Are there different emotions in different cultures?

Schadenfreude (German) means to take pleasure in another person’s misfortune

Question 9

Are there different emotions in different cultures?

1. T/F: different words does not necessarily mean different experiences
2. Many supposedly culture-specific words combine a _______ with the ________ that elicited it
3. T/F: There is evidence for unique facial expressions

Answer 9

Are there different emotions in different cultures?

1. True: different words does not
   necessarily mean different experiences
2. Many supposedly culture-specific words combine a feeling with the situation that elicited it
3. False: There is no evidence for unique facial expressions

Question 10

Implications for Ekman’s
model of “basic emotions”

1. •  ______ rules
2. •  ______ dialects
3. •  _____ valuation
4. •  ______-specific emotions

Answer 10

Implications for Ekman’s
model of “basic emotions”

1. •  Display rules
2. •  Cultural dialects
3. •  Affect valuation
4. •  Culture-specific emotions

Question 11

_____________ examines how a phenomenon (like emotion) supports some end-state, goal, or guiding principle

Answer 11

Functionalism examines how a phenomenon (like emotion) supports some end-state, goal, or guiding principle

Question 12

Functionalism: Questions that must be addressed

• (1) What is the end-state? (2) How do we know when it is being supported?

1. Evolutionary approaches: ______
2. Cultural approaches: ???

• How to make sense of dysfunctional or
  afunctional phenomena?

Answer 12

Functionalism: Questions that must be addressed

(1) What is the end-state? (2) How do we know when
it is being supported?

1. Evolutionary approaches: fitness
2. Cultural approaches: ???

Question 13

Functionalism: What do emotions do for…

• the _________ in social situations?
• _____ who are interacting or in some relationship?
• ______ of people who live, work, or socialize together?
• _____ that establish norms, institutions, economies, etc.?

Answer 13

Functionalism: What do emotions do for…

• the individual in social situations?
• dyads who are interacting or in some relationship?
• groups of people who live, work, or socialize together?
• cultures that establish norms, institutions, economies, etc.?

Question 14

Functionalism: What do emotions do for the individual

1. Provide ________
2. prepare us to ________ to stimulus

• Example of response preparation:
  Lang (1995) **startle potentiation study **

Answer 14

Functionalism: What do emotions do for the individual

1. Provide information
2. prepare us to respond to stimulus

Question 15

Lang (1995) startle potentiation study is an example of ________ _________

Answer 15

Lang (1995) startle potentiation study is an example of response preparation

Question 16

Functionalism: What do emotions do for the Dyad

1. know others’ ______, ______, _________
2. evoke _____________ or ________ responses
3. serve as _________ or ________ to others’ behavior

Answer 16

Functionalism: What do emotions do for the Dyad

1. know others’ emotions, beliefs, intentions
2. evoke complementary or reciprocal responses
3. serve as incentives or deterrents to others’ behavior

Question 17

Research on expressive suppression

Expressive suppression: attempts to attempts to _____ emotionally expressive behavior

Butler et al. (2003): 2 people watched and discussed a
Hiroshima documentary

• Manipulation: in half of the dyads, 1 person was secretly instructed to use __________ ___________
• In the suppress dyads, both members felt ____ close, had _______ communication, _______ blood pressure

Srivastava et al. (2009): studied incoming college students

• At end of fall term, suppressors had _____ close relationships, ____ social support, ____ satisfying social lives

Answer 17

Research on expressive suppression

Expressive suppression: attempts to inhibit emotionally expressive behavior

Butler et al. (2003): 2 people watched and discussed a
Hiroshima documentary

• Manipulation: in half of the dyads, 1 person was secretly instructed to use expressive suppression
• In the suppress dyads, both members felt less close, had disrupted communication, elevated blood pressure

Srivastava et al. (2009): studied incoming college students

• At end of fall term, suppressors had fewer close relationships, less social support, less satisfying social lives

Question 18

Functionalism: What do emotions do for the Group

1. _____ boundaries and ______ group members
2. _________ group-related problems group-related problems
3. define and negotiate group-related ____ and _____

Answer 18

Functionalism: What do emotions do for the Group

1. define boundaries and identify group members
2. negotiate group-related problems group-related problems
3. define and negotiate group-related roles and status

Question 19

**Emotions and status hierarchies **

Basic task for social groups: how to coordinate action?

_______ proposed that followers inhibit their own goals,
adopt leaders’ goals

In groups, lower-status individuals
•  Express their own attitudes and feelings
____ than higher-status individuals
•  Are ____ sensitive to threats/punishments
than higher-status individuals
•  Are ______ at reading others’ emotions
than higher-status individuals

Answer 19

Emotions and status hierarchies

Basic task for social groups: how to coordinate action?

Milgram proposed that followers inhibit their own goals,
adopt leaders’ goals

In groups, lower-status individuals
•  Express their own attitudes and feelings
less than higher-status individuals
•  Are more sensitive to threats/punishments
than higher-status individuals
•  Are better at reading others’ emotions
than higher-status individuals

Question 20

Functionalism: What do emotions do for the Culture

1. Guide people in assuming cultural ________
2. Help children learn _____ and ______
3. Reify _____ structures

Answer 20

Functionalism: What do emotions do for the Culture

1. Guide people in assuming cultural identities
2. Help children learn norms and values
3. Reify power structures