Oct 17 - Emotions and culture Flashcards

1
Q

According to _________, display rules are “learned, culturally determined rules that govern the display of emotion depending on social circumstances”

__ [I am in some _____ situation]

____ [I need to ______ my expression in
this way]

A

According to Matsumoto, display rules are “learned, culturally determined rules that govern the display of emotion depending on social circumstances”

IF [I am in some social situation]

THEN [I need to control my expression in
this way]

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2
Q

Culture and display rules study:

  • Matsumoto (1990) surveyed ________ and _________ about display rules and found two important cultural differences:
  1. individualism vs. collectivism
    (_____ is more collectivistic)
  2. power distance
    (_____ is more hierarchical)

All Japanease get high

A

Culture and display rules study:

  • Matsumoto (1990) surveyed Americans and Japanese about display rules
  • Two important cultural differences:
  1. individualism vs. collectivism
    (Japan is more collectivistic)
  2. power distance
    (Japan is more hierarchical)

“All (collectivism) Japanease get high (hierarchical)”

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3
Q

**Matsumoto: **Culture and display rules study

____________-___________: “the degree to which a culture encourages individual needs, wishes, desires, and values over group and collective ones”

(Japan is more ___________)

______ ______: the degree to which a culture emphasizes “power, status, and hierarchical (or ‘vertical’) relationships”

(Japan is more __________)

A

Matsumoto: Culture and display rules study

individualism-collectivism: “the degree to which a culture encourages individual needs, wishes, desires, and values over group and collective ones”

(Japan is more collectivistic)

power distance: the degree to which a culture emphasizes “power, status, and hierarchical (or ‘vertical’) relationships” (Matsumoto, 1990, p. 199)

(Japan is more hierarchical)

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4
Q

Matsumoto’s Culture and display rules study: Hypothesis

collectivistic cultures: more sensitive than ___________ cultures to ingroup-outgroup differences

  • IF I am around members of my own group
  • THEN I may freely express _______ emotions but I should hide _______ emotions

high-power-distance cultures: more sensitive than ___-_____ ________ cultures to status

  • IF I am around somebody with higher status
  • THEN I may freely express _______ emotions but I should hide _______ emotions
A

Matsumoto’s Culture and display rules study: Hypothesis

collectivistic cultures: more sensitive than individualistic cultures to ingroup-outgroup differences

  • IF: I am around members of my own group
  • THEN: I may freely express positive emotions but I should hide negative emotions

high-power-distance cultures: more sensitive than low-power distance cultures to status

  • IF I am around somebody with higher status
  • THEN I may freely express positive emotions but I should hide negative emotions

“Express positive & hide negative”

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5
Q

**Matsumoto’s Culture and display rules study: Findings **

  • results generally __________ the predictions

Limitations

Later studies by Tsai and others have found support for _______ differences in ________ behavior

A

Matsumoto’s Culture and display rules study: Findings

expressive behavior

  • results generally supported the predictions

Limitations

  1. Just 2 countries (but Matsumoto later replicated with other countries)
  2. Self-report

Later studies by Tsai and others have found support for cultural differences in expressive behavior

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6
Q

Cultural “dialects” in facial expressions

  • Elfenbein and Ambady (2002) reviewed all available studies of ______ _________
  • Emotion recognition is always better-than-chance (________)
  • But recognition within cultural groups is better (_________)
  • Analogy: same _________, different ________
A

Cultural “dialects” in facial expressions

• Elfenbein and Ambady (2002) reviewed all available studies of emotion recognition

  • Emotion recognition is always better-than-chance (universals)
  • But recognition within cultural groups is better (specificity)
  • Analogy: same language, different dialects
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7
Q

Cultural differences in affect valuation:

European-American, Asian-American, and Chinese participants reported experiencing _______ emotions in their daily lives

BUT when asked what emotions they would ideally like to feel…
European-Americans preferred _high-arousa_l positive emotions (_________)
Chinese preferred low-arousal positive (____)

Asian-Americans were _________

Conclusion: culture may relate to emotional ____ as much or more than to emotional ________

A

Cultural differences in affect valuation:

European-American, Asian-American, and Chinese participants reported experiencing similar emotions in their daily lives

BUT when asked what emotions they would ideally like to feel…
• European-Americans preferred high-arousal positive emotions (excitement)
• Chinese preferred low-arousal positive (calm)

• Asian-Americans were inbetween

Conclusion: culture may relate to emotional goals as much or more than to emotional experience

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8
Q

Are there different emotions in different cultures?

Schadenfreude (German) means to….

A

Are there different emotions in different cultures?

Schadenfreude (German) means to take pleasure in another person’s misfortune

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9
Q

Are there different emotions in different cultures?

  1. T/F: different words does not necessarily mean different experiences
  2. Many supposedly culture-specific words combine a _______ with the ________ that elicited it
  3. T/F: There is evidence for unique facial expressions
A

Are there different emotions in different cultures?

  1. True: different words does not
    necessarily mean different experiences
  2. Many supposedly culture-specific words combine a feeling with the situation that elicited it
  3. False: There is no evidence for unique facial expressions
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10
Q

Implications for Ekman’s
model of “basic emotions”

  1. •  ______ rules
  2. •  ______ dialects
  3. •  _____ valuation
  4. •  ______-specific emotions
A

Implications for Ekman’s
model of “basic emotions”

  1. •  Display rules
  2. •  Cultural dialects
  3. •  Affect valuation
  4. •  Culture-specific emotions
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11
Q

_____________ examines how a phenomenon (like emotion) supports some end-state, goal, or guiding principle

A

Functionalism examines how a phenomenon (like emotion) supports some end-state, goal, or guiding principle

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12
Q

Functionalism: Questions that must be addressed

  • (1) What is the end-state? (2) How do we know when it is being supported?
  1. Evolutionary approaches: ______
  2. Cultural approaches: ???
  • How to make sense of dysfunctional or
    afunctional phenomena?
A

Functionalism: Questions that must be addressed

(1) What is the end-state? (2) How do we know when
it is being supported?

  1. Evolutionary approaches: fitness
  2. Cultural approaches: ???
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13
Q

Functionalism: What do emotions do for…

  • the _________ in social situations?
  • _____ who are interacting or in some relationship?
  • ______ of people who live, work, or socialize together?
  • _____ that establish norms, institutions, economies, etc.?
A

Functionalism: What do emotions do for…

  • the individual in social situations?
  • dyads who are interacting or in some relationship?
  • groups of people who live, work, or socialize together?
  • cultures that establish norms, institutions, economies, etc.?
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14
Q

Functionalism: What do emotions do for the individual

  1. Provide ________
  2. prepare us to ________ to stimulus
  • Example of response preparation:
    Lang (1995) **startle potentiation study **
A

Functionalism: What do emotions do for the individual

  1. Provide information
  2. prepare us to respond to stimulus
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15
Q

Lang (1995) startle potentiation study is an example of ________ _________

A

Lang (1995) startle potentiation study is an example of response preparation

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16
Q

Functionalism: What do emotions do for the Dyad

  1. know others’ ______, ______, _________
  2. evoke _____________ or ________ responses
  3. serve as _________ or ________ to others’ behavior
A

Functionalism: What do emotions do for the Dyad

  1. know others’ emotions, beliefs, intentions
  2. evoke complementary or reciprocal responses
  3. serve as incentives or deterrents to others’ behavior
17
Q

Research on expressive suppression

Expressive suppression: attempts to attempts to _____ emotionally expressive behavior

Butler et al. (2003): 2 people watched and discussed a
Hiroshima documentary

  • Manipulation: in half of the dyads, 1 person was secretly instructed to use __________ ___________
  • In the suppress dyads, both members felt ____ close, had _______ communication, _______ blood pressure

Srivastava et al. (2009): studied incoming college students

  • At end of fall term, suppressors had _____ close relationships, ____ social support, ____ satisfying social lives
A

Research on expressive suppression

Expressive suppression: attempts to inhibit emotionally expressive behavior

Butler et al. (2003): 2 people watched and discussed a
Hiroshima documentary

  • Manipulation: in half of the dyads, 1 person was secretly instructed to use expressive suppression
  • In the suppress dyads, both members felt less close, had disrupted communication, elevated blood pressure

Srivastava et al. (2009): studied incoming college students

  • At end of fall term, suppressors had fewer close relationships, less social support, less satisfying social lives
18
Q

Functionalism: What do emotions do for the Group

  1. _____ boundaries and ______ group members
  2. _________ group-related problems group-related problems
  3. define and negotiate group-related ____ and _____
A

Functionalism: What do emotions do for the Group

  1. define boundaries and identify group members
  2. negotiate group-related problems group-related problems
  3. define and negotiate group-related roles and status
19
Q

**Emotions and status hierarchies **

Basic task for social groups: how to coordinate action?

_______ proposed that followers inhibit their own goals,
adopt leaders’ goals

In groups, lower-status individuals
•  Express their own attitudes and feelings
____ than higher-status individuals
•  Are ____ sensitive to threats/punishments
than higher-status individuals
•  Are ______ at reading others’ emotions
than higher-status individuals

A

Emotions and status hierarchies

Basic task for social groups: how to coordinate action?

Milgram proposed that followers inhibit their own goals,
adopt leaders’ goals

In groups, lower-status individuals
•  Express their own attitudes and feelings
less than higher-status individuals
•  Are more sensitive to threats/punishments
than higher-status individuals
•  Are better at reading others’ emotions
than higher-status individuals

20
Q

Functionalism: What do emotions do for the Culture

  1. Guide people in assuming cultural ________
  2. Help children learn _____ and ______
  3. Reify _____ structures
A

Functionalism: What do emotions do for the Culture

  1. Guide people in assuming cultural identities
  2. Help children learn norms and values
  3. Reify power structures