OCS 10-13

Question 1

What is sharecropping?

Answer 1

Form of agriculture in the south where someone lives on a farm for free and is provided with all farming equipment but the landowner takes some of the profit

Question 2

What is tenant farming?

Answer 2

Living on a farm for rent and all profits are kept

Question 3

Explain the conditions for children of working class families during the late 18th century. Provide examples of jobs they did and what it was like for them

Answer 3

The children were worked very hard and they were not paid very well, and they also had dangerous jobs. They had long work days. Three jobs they had were newsies, coalminers, and mills. The bosses made them climb into machines and many of the children were injured on the job.

Question 4

Explain what institutionalized discrimination means. (Important)

Answer 4

Unjust or discriminatory treatment of an individual or a group of individuals that is in relation to a law or judicial rule
“Separate but equal”, “jim crow laws”

Question 5

What is nativism? What are their major beliefs? (Important)

Answer 5

Protection of the rights of native born citizens rather than those of the immigrants
They believed that american were better than immigrants.

Question 6

Explain what a political machine is.

Answer 6

Political organization that has an authoritative boss or group who controls corps of supporters and businesses (Campaign workers) who are rewarded for their efforts.

Question 7

Who is William “Boss” Tweed?

Answer 7

Played a major role in New York city and state, he was known as the “boss” of Tammany Hall. He also stole around 50 million dollars through extortion (blackmail) and bribery.

Question 8

Explain the journey for immigrants coming to Ellis Island and explain what could happen to them once they have arrived.

Answer 8

1-2 months on a crowded boat
No bath the whole time
They could get sent back for being sick, not passing an IQ test, or not having enough money.

Question 9

What is a monopoly?

Answer 9

When one person owns all of something within a certain area of big business.

Question 10

What are the lynching rates of African Americans from 1882-1892?

Answer 10

1,400 recorded cases, many unofficial cases, occurred after reconstruction

Question 11

What is the definition of a Captain of Industry?

Answer 11

Someone who became very rich from owning a monopoly in business, however they gave back to society in positive ways.

Question 12

What is the definition of a Robber Baron?

Answer 12

Someone who became rich for owning a monopoly in business however they cheated and lied to get their wealth and they were not very good people.

Question 13

List 3 different Robber Barons/Captains of Industry and provide me with their major industries and how they spent their money.

Answer 13

Rockefeller- oil - different universities and libraries
Carnegie - steel - charity
Vanderbilt - railroads - spent his money on building a university.

Question 14

Who is Jacob Riis and what did he do?

Answer 14

Muckraking journalist and social documentary photographer. Used impoverished New Yorkers as his subject and tried to help them endorsed the “Model Tenement” - took photographs of the buildings.

Question 15

Who is Thomas Nast? Who was his major opponent in life?

Answer 15

A political cartoonist in the 19th century, considered the “Father of American Cartoon”. Boss Tweed

Question 16

What is laissez-faire?

Answer 16

Hands off policy of attitude of letting things take their own course

Question 17

Explain the Plessy v. Ferguson court case and the long lasting significance. (Important)

Answer 17

Landmark united states supreme court decision upholding the constitutionality of state laws requiring racial segregation in public facilities under the doctrine of “separate but equal”

Question 18

List the rates of immigration of both Europeans to the East coast and Asians to the West coast.

Answer 18

Europeans - 20 million between 1880-1920
Chinese - 200,000
Japanese - 200,000

Question 19

Where did Asian immigrants enter the United States?

Answer 19

Angel Island

Question 20

Where did European immigrants enter the United States?

Answer 20

Ellis island

Question 21

List at least 8 technological innovations in the late 19th century and provide me with a brief description of what each did.

Answer 21

Elevator, Car, light bulb, radio, washing machine, telephone, calculating machine, and x-rays. (I did not include the explanation of these!)

Question 22

Explain multiple ways that Robber Barons/Captains of Industry gain monopolies.

Answer 22

Lower the prices of products so no one will buy other companies expensive products, smaller companies will eventually go out of business, then the robber baron buys these businesses, gaining a monopoly.

Robber Barons sometimes make deals with each other like rockefeller and vanderbilt- vanderbilt will only ship rockefeller oil.

Question 23

Explain the convict-leasing system (important)

Answer 23

People who have been arrested are used as free labor at private industries and were often worked to death.

Question 24

Explain what debt-peonage is. (Important)

Answer 24

When a worker is in debt to their employer so they have to work for free to pay off the debt. Kept for long periods of time because it was the boss who determined whether or not the debt is paid.

Question 25

What are the requirements for a murder to be deemed a lynching?

Answer 25

If the person is tortured and embarrassed before they are murdered. It is very cruel. Illegal, three or more people must have been apart of it, persons must to have been serving justice or cultural tradition

Question 26

Provide me with a 3-4 sentence explanation for the concept of SOCIAL DARWINISM

Answer 26

Social Darwinist believe that the strong should see their wealth and power increase and the weak should see their wealth and power decrease. They have different views of which groups should be considered to be powerful and which groups should be weak. Have different views on the precise mechanisms that should be used to reward strength and punish weakness. Your race or groups is superior in all ways to another race or group.

Question 27

What groups are affected by social darwinism in the 20th Century (at least 3)? Explain.

Answer 27

Rich vs. Poor, Men vs. Women, Races Classism, sexism, racism

Again I did not include explanations of these!

Question 28

What are tenements?

Answer 28

Buildings where single families were divided into multiple living spaces to accommodate the growing population- narrow low rise apartment buildings

Question 29

Explain what life was like for people who lived in the tenements.

Answer 29

Cramped, poorly lit, no indoor plumbing , no proper ventilation.

Question 30

Explain what the Knights of Labor did and who they were.

Answer 30

Largest and one of the most important American labor organizations - important leader Terence V. Powderly, destroyed in the Haymarket square incident, accepted almost all groups

Question 31

Explain what the American Federation of Labor was.

Answer 31

National federation of labor unions, founded in columbus, ohio, did not accept everyone into their ranks

Question 32

What happened at the Haymarket Strike/Bombing?

Answer 32

May 4, a peaceful rally striking against workers getting an eight hour work day and the killing of several workers the day before, someone threw a dynamite bomb at police which began gun violence, 7 police officer death, 4 civilian deaths - destroyed the knights of labor because they were seen as terrorists after this.

Question 33

What were the long lasting effects of the Haymarket Strike/Bombing?

Answer 33

Unions were seen as possible communist, anarchists, and terrorist

Question 34

How are political machines formed?

Answer 34

An immigrant is greeted as soon as they come from their country by someone who wants their votes, they are offered food, jobs, and housing for a promise to vote for their supplier. Makes ist very easy for someone to get into office, works because immigrants are very vulnerable when they first enter the country.

Question 35

How are political machines maintained?

Answer 35

When they are in office, they pay judges/police officers/ politicians to allow them to get away with nefarious actions.

Question 36

Explain the corruption associated with political machines.

Answer 36

Buying judges, police officers, and politicians would make money through embezzlement
Insider Trader: buying the building for cheap and then sell it for more money to make a profit.

Question 37

List and explain 6 causes the causes of the rise of urbanization in America? (Important)

Answer 37

Educational opportunities: more schools= better jobs= more money made
Places for Recreation: parks and places for plays, concerts etc
Cheap housing: houses weren’t the best but they were cheap enough for people to afford them
Many jobs were available in cities
The Great Migration was 200,000 African Americans came to escape racism and slavery
People were fired because of the technology of new machines
Immigration filled up needed jobs

Question 38

Explain what it was like to live in the slums of New York City in the late 19th C.

Answer 38

Small space a lot of people, no privacy, no quiet, everything would be dirty and unorganized, no running water, no alone time, diseases spread easily, no natural light, smelly, hot, dark,

Question 39

Explain Justice Harlan’s Dissent in the Plessy V. Ferguson? What were his main arguments? (Important)

Answer 39

Segregationist legislation was based on “colored citizens are so inferior and degraded that they cannot be allowed to sit in public coaches occupied by white citizens”. Laws promoted the belief that African Americans were inferior to whites, whites should be stricken down because the government could not permit the seeds of race hate to be planted under the sanction of the law, segregation had the effect of creating dominant ruling class of citizens so it is unconstitutional

Question 40

What are Jim Crow Laws? Provide multiple specific examples (important)

Answer 40

Written down rules and regulations that if broken African Americans could go to prison
Ex: pig laws, segregation, illegal to go to school, marriage between races, hospitalization