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SCH4UN > ochem > Flashcards

ochem Flashcards

1
Q

priority

A

functional, double/triple bonds, substituents (phenol, ethyl, methyl, chloro)

carboxylic acid
ester
amide
aldehyde
ketone
alchohol
amine
alkene
alkyne
alkane
ether
alkyl halide

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2
Q

organic chemistry is

A

the study of the structure and physical and chemical properties of organic compounds

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3
Q

aliphatic vs aromatic

A

aliphatic- linear branched or ring chains of Carbon atoms

aromatic- closed rings of carbon atoms based on benzene

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4
Q

saturated hydrocarbons vs unsaturated hydrocarbons

A

saturated- max number of H

unsaturated- non-max number of H

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5
Q

alkane characteristics

A
  • non polar covalent bonds and the forces between alkanes r weak
  • insoluble in water
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6
Q

alkyl group

A

1+ carbon atoms that form a branch off the main chain of a hydrocarbon, type of substituent group that replaced hydrogen

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7
Q

structural isomers

A

same molecular formula, different arrangement

  • for any isomers
    iso__ane (delete one carbon, and replace on hydrogen on the centre carbon with a methyl group)

do the same but with 2 methyl groups

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8
Q

alkenes definition

A
  • aliphatic hydrocarbons with at least one C=C (unsaturated)
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9
Q

alkenes characteristics

A

physical:
boiling point is less than a similar sized alkane
- insoluble in water (non polar)

chemical:
- relatively high reactivity
- can undergo combustion reaction
- can undergo substitution reaction
- undergo polymerization reaction

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10
Q

alkynes characteristics

A
  • aliphatic hydrocarbons with molecules containing at least 1 C triple C
  • similar properties to alkenes
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11
Q

stereoisomer

A
  • same kind and number of atoms bonded in the same order but different arrangements in space
  • cannot be charged from one to another by simple rotation
  • distinct compounds with different properties, such as diff melting points
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12
Q

can C=C bonds rotate?

A

no, which is how we get cis and trans bonds

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13
Q

ketones are substiutients are named as

A

oxo-

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14
Q

properties of aldehydes and ketones

A
  • polar bond between carbon and oxygen
  • polar molecule: LDF: dipole dipole
  • more soluble in water than alkanes but less than alcohols, solubility in water decreases as the number of carbon increases
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15
Q

properties of carboxylic acid

A
  • polar molecules due to the C=O and -OH (allows for H bonds), 2 polar groups
  • high melting and boiling points
  • similar solubility to alcohols
  • properties are influenced by the length of the carbon change
  • weak acids
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16
Q

esters

A
  • carboxyl where the H atom is subbed in by an alkyl group
17
Q

properties of esters

A
  • similar melting and boiling points to aldehydes and ketones of similar size
  • smaller esters are gases; larger are waxy solids
  • compared to carboxylic acids
  • less polar: due to the lack of -OH
  • less soluble in water, lower boiling point
18
Q

properties of amines

A
  • small amines are soluble in water
  • N-C and N-H bonds are polar
  • boiling points and melting points are higher than that of hydrocarbons
  • boiling points of primary amines is higher than secondary which is higher than tertiary bc of the lack of H bonds
19
Q

properties of amides

A
  • primary amides have higher boiling points and melting points than similar amides
  • likely due to more H bonds between primary amides
  • smaller amides are somewhat soluble in water: -NH groups form H bonds with water, as length of carbon chain increases, solubility decreases
20
Q

properties of alcohols

A
  • much higher boiling point than that of similarly charged alkanes
  • increased polarity due to OH
  • IMF: LDF, D-D, H bonds
  • smaller alcohols are most soluble in polar compounds
  • long chain alcohols w/ long chain carbons let it dissolve in p and np
21
Q

primary, secondary, tertiary alcohols

A

primary: attached to one other C

secondary: attached to two other C

tertiary: attached to three other C

less alkyl groups means that primary alcohols have a higher MP and BP

22
Q

properties of ethers

A

have polar C-O bonds and the bent structure around C-O-C
- more polar than alkanes but don’t H+ bonds
- BP are higher than alkanes but lower than alcohols

  • good organic solvents, has polar and non polar properties
23
Q

thiols

A

lower bp than OH

24
Q

physical properties of hydrocarbons

A
  • alkanes low mp and bp
  • alkenes and alkynes have lower mp and bp than alkanes
  • bp and mp related to the size: bigger size means more LDF interactions
  • all hydrocarbons are non polar, insoluble in water, liquid forms are soluble with other np ones
25
Q

chemical properties of hydrocarbons

A
  • alkanes have low reactivity
  • alkenes and alkynes are more reactive, multiple bonds are more unstable and reactive
26
Q

single, double, and triple bonds

A

C-C
- strong covalent bond, unreactive, sigma bond

C=C
- strong sigma first bond
- weak pi second bond
- easier to break pi bond
- reactive site
- allows atoms to be added after double bond is broken

C==C
- strong sigma bonds
- weak pi bonds
- 2 pi bonds
-reactive site:
- allows atoms to be added after triple bond is broken
- if excess reactant, both pi bonds can be broken

27
Q

substitution reactions

A
  • H replace halogen
  • fluorine reactions are vigorous
  • Cl and Br require UV or heat first to dissociate the halogen molecule
  • product is an alkyl halide
28
Q

reactions of aromatics

A

halogenation, alkylation, nitration

29
Q

reactions of alkynes and alkenes

A
  • halogenation: diatomic halogen, room temp
  • hydrogenation: rcn w/ H2, often requires a catalyst and energy
  • hydrohalogenation: rcn with hydrogen halide (minor and major)
  • hydration: adding OH and H to react with water
30
Q

markovinkovs rule

A
  • when a H halide or water is added to an alkyne or alkene, the H atom binds to the C with more H for stability
31
Q

properties of organic halides

A

-presence of halogen group: polar molecule
- C-X is more electronegative than C-H
- increased IMF, more soluble, higher MP and BP

32
Q

aldehyde+ H2

ketone+H2

A

= PRIMARY

= SECONDARY

33
Q

polymers

A

a large organic molecule that consists of monomers

34
Q

types of polymers

A

synthetic: man-made, plastic

natural: occur naturally, in plants (rubber)

semi-synthetic: naturally occurring polymers and undergo further chemical modification

35
Q

properties of polymers

A
  • plastic r addition polymers
  • unreactive, as double bonds have been changed into less reactive single bonds
  • flexible because their IMF are generally weak and their flexibility increases with heating
  • This allows them to slide past each other and stretch
36
Q

cross-linking

A
  • occurs in additional polymer chains If double bonds react
  • more rigid structure, more cross-linking higher rigidity
  • strengthen polymer
37
Q

c

A

SCH4UN (9 decks)

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