ochem

Question 1

priority

Answer 1

functional, double/triple bonds, substituents (phenol, ethyl, methyl, chloro)

carboxylic acid
ester
amide
aldehyde
ketone
alchohol
amine
alkene
alkyne
alkane
ether
alkyl halide

Question 2

organic chemistry is

Answer 2

the study of the structure and physical and chemical properties of organic compounds

Question 3

aliphatic vs aromatic

Answer 3

aliphatic- linear branched or ring chains of Carbon atoms

aromatic- closed rings of carbon atoms based on benzene

Question 4

saturated hydrocarbons vs unsaturated hydrocarbons

Answer 4

saturated- max number of H

unsaturated- non-max number of H

Question 5

alkane characteristics

Answer 5

• non polar covalent bonds and the forces between alkanes r weak
• insoluble in water

Question 6

alkyl group

Answer 6

1+ carbon atoms that form a branch off the main chain of a hydrocarbon, type of substituent group that replaced hydrogen

Question 7

structural isomers

Answer 7

same molecular formula, different arrangement

• for any isomers
  iso__ane (delete one carbon, and replace on hydrogen on the centre carbon with a methyl group)

do the same but with 2 methyl groups

Question 8

alkenes definition

Answer 8

• aliphatic hydrocarbons with at least one C=C (unsaturated)

Question 9

alkenes characteristics

Answer 9

physical:
boiling point is less than a similar sized alkane
- insoluble in water (non polar)

chemical:
- relatively high reactivity
- can undergo combustion reaction
- can undergo substitution reaction
- undergo polymerization reaction

Question 10

alkynes characteristics

Answer 10

• aliphatic hydrocarbons with molecules containing at least 1 C triple C
• similar properties to alkenes

Question 11

stereoisomer

Answer 11

• same kind and number of atoms bonded in the same order but different arrangements in space
• cannot be charged from one to another by simple rotation
• distinct compounds with different properties, such as diff melting points

Question 12

can C=C bonds rotate?

Answer 12

no, which is how we get cis and trans bonds

Question 13

ketones are substiutients are named as

Answer 13

oxo-

Question 14

properties of aldehydes and ketones

Answer 14

• polar bond between carbon and oxygen
• polar molecule: LDF: dipole dipole
• more soluble in water than alkanes but less than alcohols, solubility in water decreases as the number of carbon increases

Question 15

properties of carboxylic acid

Answer 15

• polar molecules due to the C=O and -OH (allows for H bonds), 2 polar groups
• high melting and boiling points
• similar solubility to alcohols
• properties are influenced by the length of the carbon change
• weak acids

Question 16

esters

Answer 16

• carboxyl where the H atom is subbed in by an alkyl group

Question 17

properties of esters

Answer 17

• similar melting and boiling points to aldehydes and ketones of similar size
• smaller esters are gases; larger are waxy solids
• compared to carboxylic acids
• less polar: due to the lack of -OH
• less soluble in water, lower boiling point

Question 18

properties of amines

Answer 18

• small amines are soluble in water
• N-C and N-H bonds are polar
• boiling points and melting points are higher than that of hydrocarbons
• boiling points of primary amines is higher than secondary which is higher than tertiary bc of the lack of H bonds

Question 19

properties of amides

Answer 19

• primary amides have higher boiling points and melting points than similar amides
• likely due to more H bonds between primary amides
• smaller amides are somewhat soluble in water: -NH groups form H bonds with water, as length of carbon chain increases, solubility decreases

Question 20

properties of alcohols

Answer 20

• much higher boiling point than that of similarly charged alkanes
• increased polarity due to OH
• IMF: LDF, D-D, H bonds
• smaller alcohols are most soluble in polar compounds
• long chain alcohols w/ long chain carbons let it dissolve in p and np

Question 21

primary, secondary, tertiary alcohols

Answer 21

primary: attached to one other C

secondary: attached to two other C

tertiary: attached to three other C

less alkyl groups means that primary alcohols have a higher MP and BP

Question 22

properties of ethers

Answer 22

have polar C-O bonds and the bent structure around C-O-C
- more polar than alkanes but don’t H+ bonds
- BP are higher than alkanes but lower than alcohols

• good organic solvents, has polar and non polar properties

Question 23

thiols

Answer 23

lower bp than OH

Question 24

physical properties of hydrocarbons

Answer 24

• alkanes low mp and bp
• alkenes and alkynes have lower mp and bp than alkanes
• bp and mp related to the size: bigger size means more LDF interactions
• all hydrocarbons are non polar, insoluble in water, liquid forms are soluble with other np ones

Question 25

chemical properties of hydrocarbons

Answer 25

- alkanes have low reactivity - alkenes and alkynes are more reactive, multiple bonds are more unstable and reactive

Question 26

single, double, and triple bonds

Answer 26

C-C - strong covalent bond, unreactive, sigma bond C=C - strong sigma first bond - weak pi second bond - easier to break pi bond - reactive site - allows atoms to be added after double bond is broken C==C - strong sigma bonds - weak pi bonds - 2 pi bonds -reactive site: - allows atoms to be added after triple bond is broken - if excess reactant, both pi bonds can be broken

Question 27

substitution reactions

Answer 27

- H replace halogen - fluorine reactions are vigorous - Cl and Br require UV or heat first to dissociate the halogen molecule - product is an alkyl halide

Question 28

reactions of aromatics

Answer 28

halogenation, alkylation, nitration

Question 29

reactions of alkynes and alkenes

Answer 29

- halogenation: diatomic halogen, room temp - hydrogenation: rcn w/ H2, often requires a catalyst and energy - hydrohalogenation: rcn with hydrogen halide (minor and major) - hydration: adding OH and H to react with water

Question 30

markovinkovs rule

Answer 30

- when a H halide or water is added to an alkyne or alkene, the H atom binds to the C with more H for stability

Question 31

properties of organic halides

Answer 31

-presence of halogen group: polar molecule - C-X is more electronegative than C-H - increased IMF, more soluble, higher MP and BP

Question 32

aldehyde+ H2 ketone+H2

Answer 32

= PRIMARY = SECONDARY

Question 33

polymers

Answer 33

a large organic molecule that consists of monomers

Question 34

types of polymers

Answer 34

synthetic: man-made, plastic natural: occur naturally, in plants (rubber) semi-synthetic: naturally occurring polymers and undergo further chemical modification

Question 35

properties of polymers

Answer 35

- plastic r addition polymers - unreactive, as double bonds have been changed into less reactive single bonds - flexible because their IMF are generally weak and their flexibility increases with heating - This allows them to slide past each other and stretch

Question 36

cross-linking

Answer 36

- occurs in additional polymer chains If double bonds react - more rigid structure, more cross-linking higher rigidity - strengthen polymer

Question 37

c