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Ocean Biology > Oceanic Nekton > Flashcards

Oceanic Nekton Flashcards

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1
Q

Adaptations of oceanic nekton

A 
Buoyancy 
locomotion 
surface of resistance and body shape 
defence and camouflage 
sensory systems
echolocation 
reproduction lifestyle 
migrations
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2
Q

What are protogynous hermaphrodites? (With example)

A

Start off female

E.g. Parrotfish

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3
Q

What are protoandrous hermaphrodites? (With example)

A

Start off male

E.g. Clownfish

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4
Q

What does diadromous mean?

A

Organism is both freshwater and marine

E.g. Salmon

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5
Q

What does anadromous mean?

A

Adults return to freshwater (from marine)

E.g. Salmon

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6
Q

What does catadromous mean?

A

Adults return to marine to spawn (from freshwater)

E.g. Eels

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7
Q

What is a method of colour camouflage in netritic fish?

A

Counter-shading colouration

  • dark on top (blends with darkness of depths)
  • shiny on bottom (blends with light/sun)
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8
Q

What does a high aspect caudal fin ratio mean? (With example)

A

Fast swim pace but short distance

E.g. Tuna

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9
Q

What does a low aspect caudal fin ratio mean? (With example)

A

Short rapid acceleration but long distance

E.g. Cod

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10
Q

What does white muscle mean?

A

Poor muscle blood supply

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11
Q

What does dark muscle mean?

A

Good muscle blood supply

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12
Q

What do the median fins do?

A

Aid stability

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13
Q

What types of lift are there?

A

Buoyancy

Hydrodynamic

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14
Q

What aids hydrodynamic lift?

A

Fins & tail

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15
Q

What aids buoyancy?

A

Swim bladder/oil-rich liver

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16
Q

What is globiform?

A

Fish shape like a ball - e.g. Pufferfish

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17
Q

What is fusiform?

A

Fish streamlined and built for speed - e.g. Tuna

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18
Q

What is sagittiform?

A

Arrow-like shape - e.g. Needlefish

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19
Q

What is compressiform?

A

No width, laterally flattened - e.g. Flatfish

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20
Q

What is depressiform?

A

No depth, dorso-ventrally flattened - E.g. Manta ray

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21
Q

What is anguilliform?

A

Elongated, rounded body - e.g. Eels

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22
Q

What is taeuiform?

A

Ribbon-shaped

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23
Q

What is filiform?

A

Filament-like

24
Q

where is the epipelagic zone?

A

0-200m

25
Q

where is the mesopelagic zone?

A

200m-1km

26
Q

where is the bathypelagic zone?

A

1km-4km

27
Q

where is the hadalpelagic zone?

A

> 4km

28
Q

where are benthicpelagic organisms found?

A

sea floor and water column to feed

29
Q

where are benthic organisms found?

A

sea floor/in sea bed

30
Q

where are pelagic organisms found?

A

in the water column

31
Q

where is the littoral zone?

A

between the high and low tide, exposed and submerged for different portions of the day

32
Q

where is the netritic zone?

A

from the low end of low tide to when the continental slope slopes down steeply

33
Q

order of seafloor names from coast to ocean

A 
coast 
continental shelf 
continental slope 
continental rise 
abyssal plain
34
Q

what is a key adaptations for the neritic zone?

A

protections from irritation by pollutants

e.g. membrane across eyes of squid to protect from irritants

35
Q

what does holopelagic mean?

A

fish that spend whole life in pelagic zone

36
Q

what does meroplanktonic mean?

A

fish that spend part of life in pelagic zone

37
Q

where did most fishing historically occur?

A

the pelagic zone - deeper depths only recently

38
Q

what is the visual-interactions hypothesis?

A

The metabolism of several animal groups declines with depth even after adjustments for size and temperature.

why? as the result of declining light levels that reduce the distances over which predators and prey interact.

  • > relaxes the selective pressure for locomotory capacity
  • > reductions in metabolic
39
Q

where is the visual-interactions hypothesis most pronounced and why?

A

pelagic species - no refuge from predators.

-> less depth-related variation among benthic species.

40
Q

what is a small-scale example of a regime shift?

A

coral reefs - coral dominated VS algae dominated
Hurricane Allan in Caribbean -> rainfall reduced water salinity
-> coral deaths
-> algae dominated coral reefs

41
Q

what is an intermediate-scale example of a regime shift?

A

North Sea - more water from Atlantic Ocean

  • > changes in plankton community
  • > more jelly fish but less cod
  • > less herring and haddock (juvenile predated by jellyfish)
42
Q

what is a large-scale example of a regime shift?

A

North Pacific Ocean - warming in the Winter Pacific Oscillation (starting in mid 1970s)
-> reduction in Chinook salmon but increase in pink salmon

43
Q

what is a behaviour of fish species which can reduce by-catch percentages?

A

shoaling (all together)

44
Q

when calculating swim speed for fish what is Hz referring to?

A

number of tail flicks a second

45
Q

what is a physostomous swimbladder?

A

open to gut- gulp air

46
Q

what is a physoclistous swimbladder?

A

closed

47
Q

what is a swimbladder solution to increased pressure with depth?

A

rigid container

48
Q

what is a pattern on the distribution of fish with swimbladder?

A

more swimbladder fish closer to the surface

49
Q

What is a method of shape camouflage in netritic fish?

A

keel - sharp ventral edge tail

e.g. tuna

50
Q

sharks and rays special sensing organ

A

ampullae Lorenzini

electrical signals

51
Q

amphidromous

A

migrate for purpose other than reproduction

52
Q

potamodromous

A

migrate wholly within freshwater

53
Q

oceanodromous

A

live and migrate wholly within seawater

54
Q

magnetotactic bacteria

A

use of magnetic fields in migration

55
Q

more invasive fish species tend to be…

A

planktivorous

Ocean Biology (13 decks)

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