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Psych (1.5) Psychopathology > OCD - Treatment > Flashcards

OCD - Treatment Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the main treatment for OCD?

A

Drug Therapy.

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2
Q

Drug therapies are a part of which key psychological approach?

A

The biological approach.

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3
Q

What is the main aim of drug therapies?

A

To increase / decrease the levels of neurotransmitters in the brain or to increase / decrease their activity.

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4
Q

What neurotransmitter has been implicated in explaining OCD, how do we know that it is linked?

A

Serotonin, we know it is linked because when sufferers are given SSRI’s (to increase Serotonin levels), their OCD symptoms improve.

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5
Q

An assumption of drug therapy is that their is a ____?____ ____?____ in the brain.

A

Chemical imbalance:

An assumption of drug therapy is that their is a chemical imbalance in the brain.

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6
Q

What is the most common drug used for treating anxiety disorders such as OCD?

A

SSRI’s, (Selective Serotonin Re-uptake Inhibitors).

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7
Q

When SSRI’s are ineffective for a patient, they often explore alternative drugs, list some of these alternative drugs:

A
  • Tricyclics
  • SNRI’s
  • Benzodiazipines
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8
Q

SSRI’s can be ineffective for some patients, what should be done if they are ineffective to a patient?

A

The dosage can be increased or they can be combined with other drugs.

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9
Q

Patients respond ______ to different drugs and sometimes alternatives work ________ for some and ______ for others.

A

Differently, Well, Badly:

Patients respond differently to different drugs and sometimes alternatives work well for some and badly for others.

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10
Q

How do SSRI’s work?

A

They prevent the reabsorbtion of Serotonin, this increases the levels in the synapse and stimulating the post-synaptic neuron.

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11
Q

What does SNRI’s stand for?

A

Serotonin-Noradrenaline Re-uptake Inhibitor’s.

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12
Q

Which type of drug is being described here:
An older type of drug that works similarly to SSRI’s, except they have more side-effects so a generally only used as back-ups.

A

Tricyclics.

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13
Q

T / F:

SSRI’s are a type of antidepressant drug.

A

True.

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14
Q

Which type of drug is commonly known as “Benzo’s”?

A

Benzodiazipines.

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15
Q

SNRI’s not only increase the levels of Serotonin, but also the levels of another neurotransmitter called __________.

A

Noradrenaline:

SNRI’s not only increase the levels of Serotonin, but also the levels of another neurotransmitter called Noradrenaline.

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16
Q

Which drugs are used to increase the levels of Serotonin?

A
  • SSRI’s,
  • SNRI’S,
  • Tricyclics.
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17
Q

Serotonin and Noradrenaline are both types of ______________ that are increased by SNRI’s.

A

Neurotransmitter:

Serotonin and Noradrenaline are both types of neurotransmitter that are increased by SNRI’s.

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18
Q

Which type of drug not only increases the levels of Serotonin, but also the levels of another neurotransmitter called Noradrenaline?

A

SNRI’s (Serotonin-Noradrenaline Re-uptake Inhibitor’s)

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19
Q

Which drugs are used to increase the levels of Noradrenaline?

A
  • SNRI’s.
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20
Q

Tricyclics work in a similar way to SSRI’s, suggest why they are used less commonly:

A

They have more side-effects.

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21
Q

Which (non-drug) treatment is often combined with drug therapy?

A

CBT (Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy).

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22
Q

Valium and Diazepam are examples of which type of drug?

A

Benzodiazipines.

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23
Q

When is Fluoxetine most commonly used?

A

To aid the sufferers engagement with CBT.

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24
Q

Which drugs are used to increase the levels of GABA?

A

Benzodiazipines.

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25
Q

Explain why is can be a good idea to combine drug therapy with other treatments such as CBT:

A

The drugs reduce the sufferer’s emotional symptoms, such as anxiety. This means that the patient can fully engage in the CBT which they may not be able to otherwise.

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26
Q

T / F:

Valium is a type of Tricyclic drug.

A

False, it is a Benzodiazipine.

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27
Q

Explain the significance of GABA being an inhibitory neurotransmitter:

A

The inhibitory nature means that it makes the receiving neurone LESS likely to ‘fire’ and thus slows-down the brain, reducing anxiety and obsessive thoughts.

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28
Q

T / F:

Valium is a type of SSRI drug.

A

False, it is a Benzodiazipine.

29
Q

Name an example of an SSRI drug:

A

Fluoxetine.

30
Q

T / F:

Fluoxetine is a type of SSRI drug.

A

True.

31
Q

T / F:

Clomipramine is a type of SSRI drug.

A

False, it is a Tricyclic.

32
Q

Explain how Benzodiazipine drugs work:

A

They increase the action of a neurotransmitter called GABA, this is an inhibitory neurotransmitter and as a result makes the receiving neuron less likely to ‘fire’, thus slowing-down the brain. As a result the anxiety is reduced, including obsessive thoughts.

33
Q

If a patient starts out on 20mg of Fluoxetine and after 3 or 4 months it is ineffective, what sort of doses can it be increased to?

A

Roughly 60mg a day.

34
Q

T / F:

Valium is a type of ‘Benzo’ drug.

A

True.

35
Q

Which type of drug has the same effect on the Serotonin system as SSRI’s do?

A

Tricyclics.

36
Q

T / F:

Fluoxetine is a type of ‘Benzo’ drug.

A

False, it is an SSRI.

37
Q

T / F:

Diazepam is a type of ‘Benzo’ drug.

A

True.

38
Q

Which type of drug is relatively new, only being developed in the last 5 years?

A

SNRI’s, (Serotonin-Noradrenaline Re-uptake Inhibitor’s).

39
Q

In practise some people respond best to CBT alone whilst others benefit more from drugs such as what?

A

Fluoxetine.

40
Q

What is the typical dosage for an SSRI drug such as Fluoxetine?

A

20mg per day, (although doses are patient specific).

41
Q

T / F:

Fluoxetine is a type of SNRI drug.

A

False, it is an SSRI.

42
Q

T / F:

Valium is a type of drug that increases the levels of Serotonin in the brain.

A

False, it is a Benzodiazipine which means it increases the levels of GABA rather than Serotonin.

43
Q

SSRI’s are usually available to the patient in which form?

A

Either as capsules or as liquid.

44
Q

T / F:

Valium is a type of SNRI drug.

A

False, it is a Benzodiazipine.

45
Q

T / F:

Tricyclics are antidepressents.

A

True.

46
Q

The dosage of SSRI’s is ____________ for every patient.

A

Different:

The dosage of SSRI’s is different for every patient.

47
Q

There are three types of characteristics in OCD, when drug therapies and CBT are combines, which characteristics are being treated by what?

A

The drugs treat the emotional symptoms and the CBT treats the cognitive symptoms.

48
Q

T / F:

Clomipramine is a type of SNRI drug.

A

False, it is a Tricyclic.

49
Q

Serotonin is released by some neurons in the brain, it is released at the ______-_____ ________ and travels across a _________ to the ______-______ _______.

A

Pre-synaptic Neuron, Synapse, Post-synaptic Neuron:
Serotonin is released by some neurons in the brain, it is released at the pre-synaptic neuron and travels across a synapse to the post-synaptic neuron.

50
Q

Explain how SSRI’s increase the levels of seratonin:

A

Normally the serotonin that is not bound to the post-synaptic neuron is broken down and reabsorbed, however, SSRI’s prevent the re-uptake by the pre-synaptic neuron and thus increases the levels of seratonin in the synapse.

51
Q

T / F:

Clomipramine is a type of Tricyclic drug.

A

True.

52
Q

AO3 - Side-effects:

A

Although recent advancements in drug therapy has lead to reduced amounts of side effects. These include indigestion, blurred vision and loss of sex drive. For older drugs such as Clomipramine, side-effects can include aggression and changes to blood pressure. These factors reduce the effectiveness as people stop taking the medication.

53
Q

Benzodiazipines increase the levels of which neurotransmitter?

A

GABA.

54
Q

SSRI’s bind to which neuron?

A

The pre-synaptic neuron.

55
Q

T / F:

Diazepam is a type of SNRI drug.

A

False, it is a Benzodiazipine.

56
Q

AO3 - Cost-effective.

A

One advantage of drug therapies are that they are very cheap in relation to other psychological treatments, therefore, using drugs has a practical value for a public health service such as the NHS.

57
Q

Explain how the SSRI binding to the pre-synaptic neuron increases the amount of seratonin absorbed by the post-synaptic neuron.

A

The pre-synaptic neuron cannot break down and re-absorb seratonin that is left in the synapse and therefore it remains there and continues to stimulate the post-synaptic cleft.

58
Q

AO3 - Unreliable evidence.

A

SSRI’s have proven to be fairly effective and side-effects will probably be short-term, they have controversy attached. Some psychologists believe the evidence favouring drug therapies are biased as they are paid for by big pharma companies (Goldacre, 2013).

59
Q

What type of neurotransmitter is GABA?

A

An inhibitory neurotransmitter.

60
Q

AO3 - Following trauma.

A

The treatment of OCD is believed to be of biological origin, however, it is acknowledged that OCD can have a range of other causes, and that in some cases it is a response to trauma. Therefore, a biological treatment would not have an effect on this patient.

61
Q

AO3 - Effective.

A

Soomro (2009) reviewed studies comparing SSRI’s to placebo’s in treatment for OCD and concluded that in all 17 studies there was significantly better results for the SSRI’s than placebo’s.

62
Q

T / F:

Diazepam is a type of SSRI drug.

A

False, it is a Benzodiazipine.

63
Q

Give some side-effects that can be associated with SSRI’s:

A

Indigestion, blurred vision and loss of sex drive.

64
Q

Give some side-effects that can be associated with older drugs such as Clomipramine:

A

Erectile dysfunction, tremors, weight changes, changes to blood pressure and aggression.

65
Q

AO3 - Non-disruptive.

A

SSRI’s are non-disruptive to patients lifestyles, it is possible for a sufferer to simply take the medication and not engage in hard psychological therapy and their symptoms can decline.

66
Q

How do you test to make sure a drug is effective and not just the placebo effect?

A

You use two conditional groups, one with the drug and one with the placebo. If the drug group shows significantly higher results then the drug is actually working and not just the placebo effect.

67
Q

Benzo’s are highly addictive, what does this mean for psychologists who are giving them out?

A

They must be very careful because they should only be used for roughly 4 weeks or addiction and dependency may come into play.

68
Q

Why is Big Pharma important in this?

A

These drug companies fund the research into drug trails and therefore the results may be biased in their favour.

69
Q

Give some side-effects associated with Tricyclics:

A

Hallucinations and irregular heartbeat.

Psych (1.5) Psychopathology (11 decks)

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