OCD Flashcards
What percentage of the population are said to experience intrusive, unpleasant, unwanted thoughts?
80%
What percentage of the population may engage in ritualised behaviour?
50%
What is the 12 month prevalence of OCD?
1.2%
What is the occurrence of a chronic course?
50%
What is the prevalence of child onset OCD?
between 1/3 to 1/2 of adult patients
___% of patients with OCD have obsessions and compulsions?
90%
___% have obsessions and mental rituals but not behavioural compulsions
8-20%
What is a specific trait of OCD? as compared to obsessive compulsive personality disorder?
OCD consists of intrusive thoughts that are unpleasant and the patient is aware they are disruptive
OCD comorbidity with depression?
28.4%
OCD comorbidity with Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder?
24.5%
OCD comorbidity with generalised anxiety disorder?
19.3%
What are the major causes of OCD?
- Learned Responses
- Genetic Predispositions
- Environmental Factors
- -Early life experiences
- Brain structure and function
Orbitofrontal Cortex Normal Brain - Integrates sensory information makes decisions anticipates rewards and punishments
OCD Brain
Detects an error where there isn’t one
and sends “worry” signals
Cingulate Gyrus
Normal Brain
Adds emotional responses to thoughts
OCD Brain
Adds emotions like disgust
Guilt to anxious thoughts
Basal Ganglia
Normal Brain
Controls movements
Thinking and judgement
OCD Brain
Causes reflexive or repetitive behaviours
Caludate Nucleus
Normal Brain
Processes and filters information,
Removes unwanted thoughts
OCD Brain
Fails to filter
Anxious thoughts
80% of the population may experience what kind of thoughts?
Intrusive, unpleasant, unwanted thoughts
More than 50% may engage in what behaviour?
Ritualised behaviour
What is the OCD cognitive model?
- Premise of intrusive thoughts being normal
- Understanding that certain individuals place meaning on these thoughts and thus respond to them in some way
- Such responses increase vigilance for the intrusive thoughts and protects the meaning of the intrusion
How might intrusive thoughts become obsessions?
If they are evaluated as: -Overly Important -Highly threatening -Requiring complete control -Necessitating a high degree of certainty Associated with a state of perfection
What is the criteria of body dismorphic disorder?
- Preoccupation with perceived defects of flaws
- repetitive behaviours such as mirror checking
- preoccupation causes significant distress or impairment
What percentage of BDD patients attempt suicide?
25% (this is high)
Gender differences in BDD
No difference in prevalence rates
More similarities than differences in most clinical features i.e. disliked body types, types of repetitive behaviours etc
Males are more likely to have genital preoccupations
Females are more likely to have a comorbid eating disorder
Muscle dysmorphia occurs almost exclusively in males
BDD - cognitive process. Compared to healthy individuals, how to people with BDD evaluate their appearance?
More negatively
BDD - cognitive process. Compared to healthy individuals, how do they work with assumptions about the appearance?
Endorse statements such as “If my appearance if defective then I am worthless”
Do sufferes of BDD overvalue appearance and attractiveness?
Yes
After mirror gazing people suffering BDD experience what?
More anxiety and discomfort
Is rumative thinking an issue for people with BDD?
Yes
Individuals with BDD are likely to be happy with their appearance after getting surgery, True/False?
False, they are unlikely to be happy with the results and may return time and time again for treatment and can be litigious
Hoarding Disorder Criteria
Difficulty and distress in discarding possessions
Results in accumulation of possessions
Congest and cluttering occurs in living areas and seriously impacts their intended use
Hoarding causes significant distress or impairment
Hoarding Criteria Prevalence is more common in older adults than younger adults? True or False?
True
What are the cognitive factors associated with hoarding behaviour?
Control over possessions
Concern about memory
Responsibility over possessions
Why are OCD, hoarding, BDD, excoriation and trichotillomania all grouped together in the DSM?
Because they are all characterised to some extent by intrusive thoughts and repetitive behaviours
OCD and related disorders can be be highly distressing with severe levels of
Disability, dysfunction and comorbidity
What is the key to allowing treatment to be effective with OCD and related disorders?
Motivation
