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OCD Flashcards

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1
Q

whats trichotillomania?

A

compulsive hair pulling

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2
Q

what is a hoarding disorder?

A

the compulsive gathering of possessions and the inability to part with anything regardless of its valued

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3
Q

what is excoriation disorder?

A

compulsive skin picking

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4
Q

How much of the popultion has OCD?

A

2%

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5
Q

what are obsessions?

A

recurrent, persistent and unwelcome thoughts, impulses or images that are intrusive and cause distress

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6
Q

what are compulsions?

A

repetitive behaviour performed to suppress or reduce the distress caused by obsessions

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7
Q

what are some common obsessions?

A

contamination, loss of control, harm, superstition, unwanted sexual thoughts

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8
Q

what are some common compulsions?

A

washing and cleaning, repetition, checking, mental compulsions such as counting, ordering, arranging

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9
Q

what are the two elements of compulsions?

A

they’re repetitive and reduce anxiety

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10
Q

what are the behavioural characteristics of OCD?

A

compulsions and avoidance

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11
Q

what are the emotional characteristics of OCD?

A

anxiety, distress, depression, guilt, distgust

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12
Q

What are the cognitive characteristics of OCD?

A

obsession, cognitive coping strategies, excessive anxiety?

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13
Q

give examples of excessive anxiety

A

the sufferer is hyper-vigilant, tense, alert, worst scenarios imagined, recognise that obsessions and compulsions are not rational

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14
Q

what is the genetic explanation for OCD?

A

genes are involved in a person’s vulnerability to OCD

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15
Q

what was Lewis observation in the hereditary nature of OCD?

A

lewis observed that 37% of his patients with OCD also had parents with OCD and 21% had siblings with OCD, suggesting OCD runs in families

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16
Q

what is the Diathesis-stress model?

A

certain genes leave people more likely to suffer mental disorders but environmental stress is necessary to trigger the genes

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17
Q

what are candidate genes?

A

genes that create vulnerability to OCD and are often involved in the regulation of the serotonin system’s development

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18
Q

what is the gene implicated in the effective transport of serotonin across synapses

A

5HT1-D beta

19
Q

why is OCD polygenic?

A

it is not caused by a single gene, instead, Taylor found that over 230 genes cause OCD and that many genes related to the action of dopamine and serotonin

20
Q

what is the word for OCD having serval genes that cause it that are also different in different people?

A

aetiologically heterogeneous

21
Q

what is co-morbidity?

A

when r more disorders are present at the same time

22
Q

what is the evidence for the genetic explanation of OCD

A

Nestadt et l found that when reviewing twin studies 68% of monozygotic twins had OCD whilst only 31% of dizygotic twins shared OCD thus suggesting a genetic influence

23
Q

what are the strengths of the genetic explanation for OCD?

A

antidepressants have been shown to reduce symptoms of OCD so serotonin is a contributing factor to OCD
Parkinsons had a biological basis and is associated with OCD suggesting there is a biological basis to OCD

24
Q

what are the weaknesses of the genetic explanation of OCD?

A

we do not know what genes cause OCD every time so it has a low predictive value
cromer et al found that in a sample of OCD sufferers experience trauma and that the more trauma the more serve
methodological issues with twin studies

25
Q

what is the neural explanation of OCD?

A

genes associated with OCD likely effect levels of neurotransmitters and structures in the brain

26
Q

what is the role of serotonin in OCD

A

low levers of serotonin can affect moods and mental processes which can cause OC in some cases

27
Q

what is the effect of impaired decision making systems?

A

some cases of OCD (hoarding disorders) are linked with impaired decision making associated with abnormal function of the lateral of the frontal lobes that are responsible for logical thinking and decision making

28
Q

what evidence is there for the neural explanation for OCD?

A

there is evidence the left parahippocampal gyrus associated with unpleasant emotions functions abnormal in OCD

29
Q

what are the strengths of the neural explanation for OCD?

A

removes the stigma of OCD due to the biological nature

antidepressants decrease symptoms of OCD and OCD is also associated with Parkinson’s so suggesting biological basis

30
Q

what are the weaknesses of the neural explanation?

A

no one brin structure hs found to always play a role in OCD
causation vs result
no clear cause and effect
co-morbidity means depression may being treatment instead of OCD

31
Q

what are SSRIs?

A

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

32
Q

what do SSRIs do?

A

stop the reuptake of serotonin, increasing the level of serotonin in the synapse prolonging the stimulation of the post-synaptic neuron

33
Q

how are drugs used with CBT to treat OCD?

A

the drugs reduce the emotional symptoms such as anxiety so the client can engage in CBT

34
Q

what are Tricyclics?

A

stop the reuptake of noradrenaline and serotonin but have more serve side effects than SSRIs

35
Q

what are SNRIs?

A

serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors

36
Q

what are SNRIs and what do they do?

A

they stop the reuptake of S and N, reducing anxiety and can select what moods are affected with fewer side-effects

37
Q

what are monoamine oxidase inhibitors?

A

inhibitors that stop the enzymes breaking down noradrenaline or serotonin

38
Q

what are the risks of monoamine oxidase inhibitors?

A

very dangerous side effects when eating some foods

39
Q

what are the strengths of drugs used to treat OCD?

A

they reduce symptoms by 70% and improve peoples lives

non-distuptive and cheaper than BT

40
Q

what is the supporting evidence for drugs used to treat OCD?

A

Soomro et al reviewed placebo vs SSRI studies treating OCD and found that in all 17 studies SSRIs showed significantly better results

41
Q

what are the weaknesses of the drugs used to treat OCD?

A

side-effects
several weeks to see improvements
unreliable evidence s some psychologists believe the evidence to be biased as it is sponsored by drug companies
may not be applicable for OCD following trauma as counselling may be more effective

42
Q

what are some side effect of SSRIs?

A

indigestion, blurred vision, reduced libido, weight gain, insomnia, nausea

43
Q

what drugs are used to treat OCD?

A

Tricyclics, SSRIs, SNRIs, monoamine oxidase inhibitors

psychology psychopathology (5 decks)

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