depression Flashcards
what is major depressive disorder?
serve but short term depression
what is persistent depressive disorder?
long term and recurrent depression
what is prementrual dysphoric disorder?
disruption to mood prior to and/or during menstruation
what is disruptive mood dysregulation disorder?
childhood temper tantrums
how many people in the UK have mixed anxiety and depression in the UK?
9%
how many people experience depression in their lifetime?
10%
what are the 9 symptoms needed for the diagnosis of depression?
- depressive mood indicated by subjective reports o observations made by others
- decreased interest and pleasure in most activities
- significant weight change of 5% or more
- change in sleep
- fatigue
- change in activity: psychomotor agitation or retardation
- feels guilty or worthless in excess
- decrease concentration and increased indecisiveness
- suicidality
What are the behavioural characteristics?
decreased activity levels, disruption to sleeping and eating, aggression and self-harm
give an example of a behaviour related to decreased activity levels
withdrawal from work, education and social life
give examples of a behaviour related to disruption to sleep and eating
insomnia, hypersomnia, increase/decreased eating leading to weight gain/loss
give examples of a behaviour related to aggression and self-harm
irritable and can become verbally/physically abusive, ending relationships/jobs and physical aggression against self
what are the emotional characteristic?
lower mood, anger and lowered self-esteem
what are examples of lowered mood related to depression?
more pronounced feelings of sadness or tiredness
what are examples of anger related to depression?
anger often extreme and directed towards self and others
what are examples of lowered mood related to depression?
sufferer report lowered self-esteem and self-loving
what are the cognitive characteristics of depression?
people suffering from depression tend to process information about the word differently to those who do not have depression, they may also have poor concentration, are attentive to the negative and dwell on it, and have absolutist thinking
give examples of behaviours relating to poor concentration
unable to stick to a task, hard to make decisions, interference with work
give examples of behaviours relating to attention to the negative
bias towards negative events, ignore the positives
give examples of behaviours relating to absolutist thinking
tend to think all situations are good or bad, blk or white thinking, if one thing goes wrong the whole thing is a disaster
whats beck’s cognitive theory of depression?
explains how people are more vulnerable to depression due to a person’s cognition and that there are three pars of cognitive vulnerability
what are the three factors in cognitive vulnerability?
faulty information processing, negative self-schemas, the negative triad
what are the effects negative self-schema?
when a person interprets all information about themselves is a negative way
what are the 3 negative ways f thinking?
a negative world view, negative view of future and negative view of self
what is the supporting evidence for becks cognitive theory?
Graziolo and terry assessed 65 pregnant women for cognitive vulnerability and depression before and after birth and found that those with high cognitive vulnerability are more likely post-natal-depression
Clark and beks meta-analysis concluded there is evidence for all the cognitive vulnerability factors
what are the strengths of becks cognitive theory?
it has practical application
it can be linked to attachments
support cognitive primacy in which emotions are influenced by cognitions
what is a weakness of Beck’s cognitive theory?
it is reductionist, s it explains the basic symptoms of depression but does not explain more complex symptoms such as extreme anger, hallucinations or even Cotard’s syndrome
what is Ellis’s ABC model and how does it explain depression?
it explains poor mental health is the result of irrational thoughts
Activating event
Beliefs
Consequences
what are activating events?
external events that trigger irrational thought, relating to the already present negative thoughts
what is Musturbation?
the belief we must always succeed or achieve perfection
what is ‘i-can’t-stand-it-is’?
the belief that whenever something is not perfect it is a major disaster
what is utopianism?
belief life is always meant to be fair
What are the consequences in Ellis’s ABC model?
when the beliefs triggered by the activating event causes depression
what are the strengths of the ABC model?
practical application
cognitive primacy
what are the weaknesses of the ABC model?
it cannot be applied to all types of depression as it is not always caused by activating event
reductionist
what does CBT aim to do?
change irrational thoughts to change the behaviour
How does Beck’s CBT work?
therapists and clients should identify the negative triad and test the reality of their negative belief and complete homework related to this, for example, recording when people are nice to them so it can be used as counter-evidence for irrational thoughs
What’s Ellis’s CBT called?
ellis’s rational emotive behavioural therapy
What does ABCDE stand for?
activating events beliefs consequences dispute effect
what and how does dispute work in REBT?
identifies and disrupts irrational thoughts using arguments (vigorous, empirical, logical) to break the link between negative events and depression
what is behavioural activation?
when behaviour is changed in order to change cognitions
what is the supporting evidence for CBT?
march et al compared the effects of CBT, antidepressants and a combination of the two in 327 adolescents with a main doagnosis of depression and found after 36 weeks 81% f the CBT group and 81% of the antidepressant group significantly improved, and 86% of the combined group improved
what is the strength of the CBT?
used int he primary treatment by the NHS
what are the weaknesses of CBT?
in serve cases, clients cannot motivate themselves to engage in the therapy
self-esteem needed so the patient feels they are worth being treated
dependant on trust n respect
patients may wish to discuss their past but CBT focuses on the present and future
overemphasis on cognition instead of environmental factors like abuse or poverty
