depression

Question 1

what is major depressive disorder?

Answer 1

serve but short term depression

Question 2

what is persistent depressive disorder?

Answer 2

long term and recurrent depression

Question 3

what is prementrual dysphoric disorder?

Answer 3

disruption to mood prior to and/or during menstruation

Question 4

what is disruptive mood dysregulation disorder?

Answer 4

childhood temper tantrums

Question 5

how many people in the UK have mixed anxiety and depression in the UK?

Answer 5

9%

Question 6

how many people experience depression in their lifetime?

Answer 6

10%

Question 7

what are the 9 symptoms needed for the diagnosis of depression?

Answer 7

• depressive mood indicated by subjective reports o observations made by others
• decreased interest and pleasure in most activities
• significant weight change of 5% or more
• change in sleep
• fatigue
• change in activity: psychomotor agitation or retardation
• feels guilty or worthless in excess
• decrease concentration and increased indecisiveness
• suicidality

Question 8

What are the behavioural characteristics?

Answer 8

decreased activity levels, disruption to sleeping and eating, aggression and self-harm

Question 9

give an example of a behaviour related to decreased activity levels

Answer 9

withdrawal from work, education and social life

Question 10

give examples of a behaviour related to disruption to sleep and eating

Answer 10

insomnia, hypersomnia, increase/decreased eating leading to weight gain/loss

Question 11

give examples of a behaviour related to aggression and self-harm

Answer 11

irritable and can become verbally/physically abusive, ending relationships/jobs and physical aggression against self

Question 12

what are the emotional characteristic?

Answer 12

lower mood, anger and lowered self-esteem

Question 13

what are examples of lowered mood related to depression?

Answer 13

more pronounced feelings of sadness or tiredness

Question 14

what are examples of anger related to depression?

Answer 14

anger often extreme and directed towards self and others

Question 15

what are examples of lowered mood related to depression?

Answer 15

sufferer report lowered self-esteem and self-loving

Question 16

what are the cognitive characteristics of depression?

Answer 16

people suffering from depression tend to process information about the word differently to those who do not have depression, they may also have poor concentration, are attentive to the negative and dwell on it, and have absolutist thinking

Question 17

give examples of behaviours relating to poor concentration

Answer 17

unable to stick to a task, hard to make decisions, interference with work

Question 18

give examples of behaviours relating to attention to the negative

Answer 18

bias towards negative events, ignore the positives

Question 19

give examples of behaviours relating to absolutist thinking

Answer 19

tend to think all situations are good or bad, blk or white thinking, if one thing goes wrong the whole thing is a disaster

Question 20

whats beck’s cognitive theory of depression?

Answer 20

explains how people are more vulnerable to depression due to a person’s cognition and that there are three pars of cognitive vulnerability

Question 21

what are the three factors in cognitive vulnerability?

Answer 21

faulty information processing, negative self-schemas, the negative triad

Question 22

what are the effects negative self-schema?

Answer 22

when a person interprets all information about themselves is a negative way

Question 23

what are the 3 negative ways f thinking?

Answer 23

a negative world view, negative view of future and negative view of self

Question 24

what is the supporting evidence for becks cognitive theory?

Answer 24

Graziolo and terry assessed 65 pregnant women for cognitive vulnerability and depression before and after birth and found that those with high cognitive vulnerability are more likely post-natal-depression
Clark and beks meta-analysis concluded there is evidence for all the cognitive vulnerability factors

Question 25

what are the strengths of becks cognitive theory?

Answer 25

it has practical application
it can be linked to attachments
support cognitive primacy in which emotions are influenced by cognitions

Question 26

what is a weakness of Beck’s cognitive theory?

Answer 26

it is reductionist, s it explains the basic symptoms of depression but does not explain more complex symptoms such as extreme anger, hallucinations or even Cotard’s syndrome

Question 27

what is Ellis’s ABC model and how does it explain depression?

Answer 27

it explains poor mental health is the result of irrational thoughts
Activating event
Beliefs
Consequences

Question 28

what are activating events?

Answer 28

external events that trigger irrational thought, relating to the already present negative thoughts

Question 29

what is Musturbation?

Answer 29

the belief we must always succeed or achieve perfection

Question 30

what is ‘i-can’t-stand-it-is’?

Answer 30

the belief that whenever something is not perfect it is a major disaster

Question 31

what is utopianism?

Answer 31

belief life is always meant to be fair

Question 32

What are the consequences in Ellis’s ABC model?

Answer 32

when the beliefs triggered by the activating event causes depression

Question 33

what are the strengths of the ABC model?

Answer 33

practical application

cognitive primacy

Question 34

what are the weaknesses of the ABC model?

Answer 34

it cannot be applied to all types of depression as it is not always caused by activating event
reductionist

Question 35

what does CBT aim to do?

Answer 35

change irrational thoughts to change the behaviour

Question 36

How does Beck’s CBT work?

Answer 36

therapists and clients should identify the negative triad and test the reality of their negative belief and complete homework related to this, for example, recording when people are nice to them so it can be used as counter-evidence for irrational thoughs

Question 37

What’s Ellis’s CBT called?

Answer 37

ellis’s rational emotive behavioural therapy

Question 38

What does ABCDE stand for?

Answer 38

activating events
beliefs
consequences
dispute
effect

Question 39

what and how does dispute work in REBT?

Answer 39

identifies and disrupts irrational thoughts using arguments (vigorous, empirical, logical) to break the link between negative events and depression

Question 40

what is behavioural activation?

Answer 40

when behaviour is changed in order to change cognitions

Question 41

what is the supporting evidence for CBT?

Answer 41

march et al compared the effects of CBT, antidepressants and a combination of the two in 327 adolescents with a main doagnosis of depression and found after 36 weeks 81% f the CBT group and 81% of the antidepressant group significantly improved, and 86% of the combined group improved

Question 42

what is the strength of the CBT?

Answer 42

used int he primary treatment by the NHS

Question 43

what are the weaknesses of CBT?

Answer 43

in serve cases, clients cannot motivate themselves to engage in the therapy
self-esteem needed so the patient feels they are worth being treated
dependant on trust n respect
patients may wish to discuss their past but CBT focuses on the present and future
overemphasis on cognition instead of environmental factors like abuse or poverty