Occupational Skills Flashcards
The purpose of a test pit or test hole is to?
Determine the soil conditions
The ground water table is the?
Average height below which the ground is saturated
Offset lines, in site layout, are used to?
Re-establish original building lines
Batter boards are used to?
Hold the building lines
An enlargement of a foundation wall to form a half column is called a?
A pilaster
The timber or steel beam used to carry the load while underpinning is called a?
A Needle
Where is a properly placed drain tile located?
Around the outside lower edge of the footing
What is the cross sectional area of a15M reinforcing bar
177mm2
A special type of enlarged view showing construction features more clearly is called a?
Detail drawing
Continuous lines extending to points off the same elevation across the surface of a plot of ground are called?
Contour lines
The measurements showing the location of the doors and windows are found on the?
Floor plan
On foundation plans, the footing is generally shown by?
Dashed lines
The order in which dimensional material should be given is
Thickness, width, length
Ex (2x4x10)
Ten foot 2x4
The minimum height of guard rails above platform level is
1067mm
42”
What is the purpose of a keyway in a footing
Eliminate shearing between the footing and wall
Stepped foundation footing walls are used for?
To help facilitate wall construction
A lally column is made up of?
Steel pipe and concrete
A projection on the outside of a foundation wall giving added support is?
Buttress
In precast concrete units, post tensioning is done when
After the concrete has cured
The main function of tie rods
To hold the forms a fixed distance apart
The horizontal form member used to align and strengthen panels is
Waler
What is the minimum cover for reinforcing steel for a wall exposed to the ground or weather
30mm
What is the main factor that determines the hydraulic pressure developed at the base of a wall
The height of the pour
Based on a definite water-cement ratio, a trial mix of concrete is found to have a 150mm slump.
How is this adjusted to a 75mm slump?
Use more sand and gravel
The advantage of a flexible anchor bolt is?
It allows space for adjustment
What will the result be of prestressing of precast concrete?
High tensile strength
The reinforcing steel in an open concrete stair and landing should be placed where?
Near the lower surface
A recess or opening at the top of a foundation wall is called?
A beam pocket
Why do tilt-up walls often require special reinforcing?
Because the concrete is subject to unusual strain due to the tilting
Why are mudsills required under the slab soffit jacks
To avoid point loading at the base of the Jack
Concrete:
What does the slump test measure?
Consistency of the concrete
Should the spacing of column yoked be closer at the bottom or at the top?
Closer at the bottom than at the top
Increasing the water cement ratio of a concrete mix will?
Decrease its strength
Metal pans in form work are used for?
Floors
The main purpose of concrete around a steel beam is to make it?
Fireproof
In concrete/masonry construction a groove into which metal flashing is fitted is called?
Reglet
The rough frame set into a masonry wall to which the finished frame is attached is called a
Buck
When two or more types of structural materials are used for load sharing it is referred to as
A composite column
A wooden column should not rest on a concrete floor because
Moisture may be drawn up from the slab causing the column to rot
The minimum end bearing for floor joists is?
38mm (1”1/2)
CODE
9.23.9.1
Except when supported on ribbon boards, floor joists shall not have less than 38mm length of end bearing
What is the purpose of placing the crown up when laying floor joists?
To compensate for deflection
A beam or floor joist which supports a header is called?
A trimmer
When framing openings in floors for stairs the joists should be?
Doubled around all openings
What is the purpose of cross bridging
To distribute the weight from one joist to another
To obtain the length of cross bridging with a framing square, what must first be known?
Spacing and height of the joists
What is the primary purpose of a box sill
To distribute transmitted wall load
The main purpose of mortar under the mudsill is to
Ensure uniform bearing on the concrete
Which of the following can be used to layout semi-circular arches
a) transit
B) trammel points
C) try square
D) architects scale
B) trammel points
When set into a brick wall the end of a joist or beam should be?
Cut on an angle toward the top edge
Why?
If there is a fire and the beam fails the cut helps prevent it taking the wall with it when it goes down
The angle of diagonal subflooring may be laid out with a framing square by using
Any two like numbers
What is the best method of determining the straightness of the wall plates
A string line and three blocks
The correct length of wall studding for a 2438 clear ceiling height on platform frame using 19mm finish flooring, lath and plaster ceiling and 38mm plates is?
Need to know that lath and plaster ceiling will be about 20-24mm
And that you would use 3 plates
2438mm - (38mm x3)
+ 19mm + 20mm
= 2362mm
Where would you find a lintel
Above a door or window opening
How is the size of a lintel determined
Width of the opening and the vertical load
A term for a board which is recessed in and nailed to studding for carrying floor joists is
A ribbon
A short vertical stud used above and below an opening is called?
A cripple
In the construction of a window opening, Jack studs are placed where?
Vertically at each side
Blocks set between the studs to prevent movement of air currents are called?
Fire stops
When sheathing up exterior walls on the floor, the walls are squared up by using?
Diagonal measurements
The framing member of a wall which fastens to the floor is called a
Sole plate
When the total rise for a common rafter is being checked, the measuring or line length of the rafter is found?
At the top outside edge from working point 1 to 2
If the hip Jack rafters are laid out 600mm o/c from the outside corner, the length of the third Jack on a 200 & 250 slope hip roof would be?
Use pythagoreum for the slope (200&250). Equals 320.156
Divide that by the run of the slope (250) to get the multiplier equals 1.28
Then: 600mm x 3= 1800
1800 x (multiplier 1.28)
=2304mm
The top end cut on a shortened bakey rafter is a
Square cut
The figures used on a square to layout the plum cut on an octagonal hip fit a 150 & 259 slope octagonal roof are?
150 & 271 m/o 150
The seat cut on a rafter for a gable roof with a slope 175 and 250 is laid out using
175 and 250 cut on 250
The common rafter line length for a roof that has a run of 4877mm and a rise of 3251mm is?
It is the hypotenuse of the rise and the run
Square root of:
4877 squared + 3251 squared
Equals: 5861mm
The length of a hip rafter for a 175 and 250 slope roof with 9000mm span is?
Find the multiplier for a 175 &250 slope
Trick:
hip value slope is 175 & 353.55
Multiplier is 1.116
ncommon and common are both 4500
A hip rafter is the square root of NCommon squared plus common squared x multiplier
A roof framing member between the hip rafter and the valley rafter is called
A cripple Jack rafter
The common difference in the length of the hip Jack rafters spaced at 600mm o/c with a 200 & 250 slope roof is
Find the multiplier
Sq/rt of 200sq +250sq
Then that answer divided by the run (250)
Multiple 600 by the multiplier
Equals 768
The unit length of a hip rafter in relationship to the valley rafter is?
Equal to the valley rafter
How many sloped surfaces does a mansard roof have
8
What could be done in order to bring cornices of an unequal pitch intersecting roof into alignment
Raise the plates of the minor span
The theoretical length of a ridge board for an equal pitch hip roof on a building 7315 wide by 13106 long would be?
13106 minus one full span 7315
(or two runs which still equal one span)
(7315/2) x2
Equals 5791
The theoretical length of a valley cripple Jack for a 200 and 250 slope roof placed 350mm from the intersection of the supporting and shortened valley is
Find the multiplier of a 200 & 250 slope
Equals 1.28
Multiply the multiplier by 350mm
Equals 448.21
Multiply that by two to get the valley length
Equals 869.437mm
The valley cripple Jack extends from?
Ridge to valley rafter
A roof that employs hip and valleys is known as an?
Intersecting roof
The total rise of a roof is calculated how?
The slope times the run
The true length of a ridge in an equal pitch hip roof framed with a double cheek is?
The length minus the width of the building plus the thickness of a common rafter
In order for the roof boards to fit, a hip rafter must either be
Backed or dropped
A collar tire is placed 1.8m above the wall plate on a building with a span of 12m and a slope equal to 200 and 250.
What is the length of the collar tie?
Use ratio proportioning
Span=12000mm(run= 6000mm)
6000dv 250=24
24x200 =4800 (rise of roof)
1.8m =1800mm = height of collar tie above wall plate
4800-1800=3000
4800dv 3000 = 1.6
6000dv 1.6 =3750
3750 x 2 = 7500 collar tie
A wall that extends above a roof is called
A parapet wall
The windows in a small projection from the main roof of a house is called
A dormer
How many cheek cuts does a hip-valley cripple Jack have
Two parallel cheek cuts
The total rise of a roof is equal to the unit rise multiplied by the
Total run/unit run
The two factors to be considered in determining the size of a girder are
Load and span
The number of girders that will be required on a building that is 27432 wide placing them 1525 o/c is?
27432 dv 1524 = 18
Subtract one
17
Before placing joists on a girder, the girder should be supported how?
Supported permanently with concrete pier or wood posts resting on concrete footing
The supporting section of a wall between two openings is called a
Pier
A cantilevered beam can be described as a
Member which is unsupported at one end
An entire structure consisting of a truss and it’s supporting columns is called a
Bent
Temporary framing to support a structure while it is being erected can be referred to as
False work and shoring
Two single sashes in one frame hinged at the sides are described as
Double casements
What material is known as reflective insulation
Aluminum foil
Interior finish jambs are usually housed for what
To receive a header
It is necessary to make an interior door jamb the same width as the finished wall so
The door casing will be flat against the wall
When hanging inside doors, the joints between the side of the door jamb should be
2mm
Casings are nailed to what
To both the jamb and the studs
When the end of a piece of moulding is shaped to fit the face contour of an intersecting moulding, it is said to be
Coped
Finished flooring should be kept how many mm clear off the walls
Approximately 12mm clear
The minimum distance from a counter top to the bottom of the wall cabinet should be
380 mm
(About 15”)
In cabinet making, which is the most acceptable for making stile and rail joints
Mortise-tenon
The purpose of lining a closet with special wood is
To keep away moths
When a cabinet door is rabbetted the type of hinge which must be used is
An offset hinge
Layout for the ceiling tile should start at the centre lines of the room in order to
Have equal size tiles at opposite ends
The most acceptable angle for stairs is
25-35 degrees
The minimum headroom for a private residence stairway, permissible under N.B.C. Regulations is
1950mm
Appx 6’5”
The tread run of a 15 riser stairway that has a total run of 3556 is
Answer: 254mm
15 rise equals 14 run
3556 divided by 14
Equals 254
When constructing stairways it is the safest practice to have them free from
Winders
Each riser is 184 high, and the total rise is 2944. How many risers are in the stairway
Answer: 16
2944/184=16
This has to be in a private residence otherwise it violates building code
BC building code
9.8.4.1
Private stair:
Min rise = 125mm
Max rise = 200mm
Public stair
Min rise= 125mm
Max rise = 180mm
A ‘Narrow U’ stairs consists of
Two flights and one platform
The unit rise plus the unit run should equal?
18” approximately
This is thought to be the most comfortable ratio for people
How is a total station different from a digital theodolite
Total stations are more versatile
Makes for faster more accurate work
Built-in computer system that can measure greater distances
When would the quick-release feature of the transit be used
Can be replaced with a prism
Describe the parts of a segment
A chord, arc and area
How is a chord length calculated
2x radius x sin(1/2 interior angle)
Which instrument requires only the fisheye bubble to be adjusted
Automatic level
Another name for an automatic level
Self-levelling level
Which level uses a coincidence levelling system for fine adjustment
Engineers level
The transit level can
A: measure angels vertically only
B: measure angles horizontally only
C: measure horizontally and vertically
D: measure more accurate than a theodolite
C: measure angles horizontally and vertically
Compared to a dumpy level, an engineers level is
More accurate
How are crosshairs focused on an automatic level
The eyepiece
How is the image focused on an automatic level
The focus knob
Automatic level:
What does the clamp have to do with the tangent screw
A tangent screw will not work unless the clamp is locked (just snug)
What kind of beam does an electronic laser have
Infrared laser beam
Sensors or detectors are not required for locating the beam of a laser or electronic level
True
False
False
The the main categories of the carpentry trade are
Concrete forming
Finishing
Framing
What is the name of the document that sets out the rights of the apprentice
British Columbia employment standards
In the industrial health and safety regulations, construction procedures for buildings or structures are regulated by
Section 34
What are the three components of the fire triangle
Heat
Oxygen
Fuel
When halon 1211 is used as a fire extinguisher, it leaves
A: white powder to be cleaned up
B: foam that must be removed
C: no mess
D: water to be mopped up
C: no mess
Burning wood, paper, and/out rubbish is classed as
Class A fires
Match class to fire
1: electrical
2: combustible metals
3: basic fires
4: flammable liquis
Class A: basic fire (wood, paper, rubbish)
Class B: flammable liquids
Class C: electrical
Class D: combustible metals
The letters SHLP on a blueprint is the abbreviation for
Shiplap
The drawing containing the most information about the building is the
Floor plan
Which plan typically show buildings, roads, sidewalks and paths/trails, parking, drainage facilities, sanitary sewer lines, water lines, lighting, and landscaping and garden elements.
Site plan
What plan provides us with an idea of what the finished building will look like. It is a visual representation of the exterior sides of a building, illustrating the structural and architectural details. In some cases, these plans can also illustrate the interior of a building.
An elevation plan
What kind of plans are scale drawings that show the relationship between rooms, spaces and physical features viewed from above.
They provide a way to visualize how people will move through the space.
Floor plans
Which plan is an orthographic projection of an object as if it would appear cut vertically by an intersecting plane, drawn similar to a floor plan, but vertically. As a plan, we see wall thicknesses, windows, doors and openings.
A section plan
Where would you find beam and girder details
Structural drawings
Architectural drawings are used to do what?
Overall design and finishing details
On a blue print, object lines are
Thick and dark
On which drawings will the exterior finish of the building usually be found
Elevation views
Carpenters will find the plastic templates helpful in their drawings of the templates contain
Plumbing fixtures and door symbols
(Called a set square)
If a province doesn’t have its own building code, a contractor constructing a building would use the
National building code
In addition to the national building code or the British Columbia building code, architects designing buildings use
The National fire Code and the Canadian Electrical code
The parts of the British Columbia Building Code that carpenters are concerned with most often are
part 3: use and occupancy
part 9: housing and small buildings
The BC building code has regulations for joist spans in
Part 9: section 23
Known as the span tables
The BC building code regulations on footing sizes are found in
Part 9: section 15
The minimum compressive strength for concrete used in residential foundation construction is
15Mpa
Concrete is rated by compressive strength, which is measured in MPa (megapascals). MPa is the metric unit of measurement for pressure.
A single Pascal represents roughly the amount of downward pressure that a single Canadian bank note exerts while resting flat upon a surface.
In the metric system, mega equals one million – so one MPa is the downward pressure exerted by one million bank notes and 15 MPa is the downward pressure exerted by 15 million bank notes.
The minimum diameter for anchor bolts on a residential foundation is
12mm (1/2 inch)
CODE
9.23. 6.1
Anchorage is to be provided by fastening the sill plate to the foundation with not less than 12.7 mm (1/2”) diameter anchor bolts spaced not more than
2.4 m (7.8’) o.c.
Wood lumber defects
Describe each
A: cook or crown
B: cup
C: twist
d: bow
A: a bend in the horizontal edge
B: a bend on the immediate flat surface like a U
C: a twist in the wood
D: a bend in the length of the flat surface
The Shank diameter of a screw is listed as
It’s gage number
If there is a risk of wind uplift to a roof with a large overhang, the carpenters will secure rafters to the top of the walls with
Framing anchors
To accurately measure both the inside or the outside diameter of an object, which tool should be used
Calliper rule
A tool capable of being used as a try square, mitre square, height and depth gauge and marking gauge is the
Combination square
When you sharpen an auger but, which parts of the bit should be sharpened
The inside of the spur and the side of the cutting lip away from the screw
What type of file is used to sharpen a spade bit
A triangular file
The hand screw clamp can apply pressure how
Apply pressure at different angles
Sandpaper is referred to as open coat or closed coat. This refers to?
The spacing of the grains
What type of bit can be used in one operation to make a countersink hole, a shank hole and a pilot hole for driving flathead wood screws
A combination bit
Making a plum cut with a portable circular saw requires that the operator raise the saw blade clear off the work, then
Retract the guard
Masonry products may be cut with a portable circular saw if it has an
An abrasive blade
A better answer might be a Diamond blade if it is an option
What material is considered unacceptable for a powder actuated fastening?
Cast iron
Order of strength for powder actuated fastening?
Go Back Get Your Reds First
GBGYRF
Grey, black, green, yellow, red
When a powder actuated to misfires you must hold it in contact with the workpiece for 20 sec then
Re-fire the tool
The most common cause of serious chain saw injuries is
Kickback
Rakers serve two purpose of a chain saw: they remove water from the cut and they
Determine the depth of cut for each tooth
When using a laser level for levelling purposes the beam is sent
Through 360 degrees
The electronic level uses
Infrared beams
once the outside footing forms are in place, how are the inside footings positioned for width and height
Using a spreader and level
When the weight of a column is to be transferred to more than one post what type of footing is used
Strap footing
Why is the outside corner of a concrete form so important
This part of the form work is potentially weak
What is the maximum vertical distance you are permitted in one step of a stepped fitting
600mm
The mansard roof is a variation of
A gambrel roof
An upward curve or crown built into a beam or girder to prevent it from sagging is known as
Camber
If a sill plate is less than 150 mm above grade it requires
A layer of damp proofing between the foundation and sill
CODE
9.23.2.3
Protection from Dampness
1) Except as permitted in Sentence ( 2),wood framing members that are not pressure-treated with a wood preservative and that are supported on concrete in contact with the ground or fill shall be separated from the concrete by not less than 0.05 mm polyethylene film or Type S roll roofing.
2) Damp proofing material referred to in Sentence (1) is not required where the wood member is at least 150 mm above the ground.
If the floor framing rests only on the sill plate, the sill plate must be no smaller than
38mm x 89 mm
CODE
9.23.7.1
Size of Sill Plates. 1) Intent Statement Where sill plates provide bearing for the floor system, they shall be not less than 38 mm by 89 mm material
The cross sectional size of a beam is governed by
Span of the beam
In platform framing, floor joists require an end bearing of no less than
38mm
2x4
CODE
9.23.9.1.
End Bearing for Joists
1) Intent StatementExcept when supported on ribbon boards, floor joists shall have not less than 38 mm length of end bearing.
2) Intent StatementRibbon boards referred to in Sentence (1) shall be not less than 19 mm by 89 mm lumber let into the studs
A built up beam should project above the foundation by
The thickness of the sill plate
The main purpose of staggered studs wall construction is
Reduce the noise transmitted from one room to another
When you are laying out exterior walls that butt to another exterior wall, the location of the first studs in from the end of the wall will depend on?
Wall thickness and sheathing thickness
When pony walls are used in crawl spaces, they are substitutes for
Posts and beams
To adjust a common rafter to accommodate a 38mm thick ridge board, you must measure back
19 mm at 90 degrees to the plum line
Half the thickness of the ridge (90degrees)
The horizontal distance from one outside wall plate to the other is known as the
Span
If a building has a span of 5000 mm and a gable roof is to be built, each rafter will have a run of
2500 mm
Run is half the span
The distance from the end wall to the first truss inward from the gable end should be equal to the
Projection at the gable end
All roof framing calculations are based on
A right-angled triangle
Hip rafters and common rafters will always be equal in
Number of units of run
