- administrative control - engineering control - use of PPEs

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH Flashcards by Dianne Khrescell

A cross-disciplinary area concerned with protecting
the health and safety of the people engaged in work
or employment

occupational health

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anything that has the potential to cause harm

hazard

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likelihood that a particular hazard will occur

risk

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environmental factors or stressors in
the workplace, or etiologic agents of occupational
diseases

health hazrds

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may either be due to unsafe
condition in the workplace or unsafe act of the worker

safety hazards

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4 classification of health hazards

Physical Hazards
Biological Hazards
Chemical Hazards
Ergonomic stressors

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Involves contact with various forms of energy

physical hazards

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examples of physical hazards

o Temperature (heat and cold)
o Lighting
o Noise
o Radiation (Ionizing and Non-ionizing
radiation)
o Vibration
o Barometric pressure

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Agents or organisms which transmit diseases to man
and affect his or her health adversely

biological hazards

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3 major sources of microbes in work environment

Those stemming from infective individuals
Those arising from microbial decomposition of various
substances associate with particular occupations
Those associated with certain types of environment

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common bacteria in healthcare environment

Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus
Escherichia coli
Salmonella typhi
Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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common bacteria in healthcare environment

Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus
Escherichia coli
Salmonella typhi
Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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common viruses in healthcare environment

hepa B
HIV

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Are the infection control techniques that were
recommended following the AIDS outbreak in the
1980s

universal precautions

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Essentially it means that every patient is treated as if
they are infected and therefore precautions are taken
to minimize risk

universal precautions

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Substances used ,and/or generated as raw materials,
intermediate products, finished products and waste
materials

chemical hazards

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Widely used system for cataloging information on
chemicals, chemical compounds and chemical
mixtures

material safety data sheets (MSDS)

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Information includes properties of a particular
substance, instructions for the safe use, potential
hazards associated with a particular material or
product, provision of procedures for handling or
working with that substance in a safe manner

material safety data sheets (MSDS)

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Scientific discipline concerned with the understanding
of interactions among human and other elements of a
system, and the profession that applies theory,
principles, data and methods to design in order to
optimize human well-being and overall system
performance

ergonomics

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Refers to factors that result in worker’s discomfort, in
relation to his/her job

ergonomics stressors

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a methodology for performing a
risk assessment

job safety analysis

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control measures

administrative control
engineering control
use of PPEs

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Branch of public health
Concerned with all aspects of the natural and built
environment that may affect human health**

environmental health

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Aspects of human health and disease that are
determined by factors in the environment
–WHO

environmental health

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refers to the theory and practice of assessing and controlling factors in the environment that can potentially affect health

environmental health

May be also known as sanitarians, public health inspectors, environmental health specialist, or environmental health officers

environmental health practitioners

aspects of EH

* Water sanitation * Food sanitation * Community waste management * Rodent control * Vector control * Air pollution control * Occupation health * Radiologic health * Sanitary housing * Disaster management

types of water

- potable water - polluted water - contaminated water

safe, clean, free from contaminants and pollution, recommended for drinking purposes

potable water

water which has suffered impairment on its physical qualities

polluted water

– contains infectious agents, materials and toxic or poisonous substances, condemned for drinking purposes

contaminated water

types of water according to sources

1. rain water 2. surface water 3. underground water 4. piped water

source of all fresh water, distilled pure water which may get contaminated at atmosphere during collection and storage

rain water

natural flow of water as a result of ground see page like water from rivers, lakes, springs, streams

surface water

below the layers of the earth usually clean and safe except when located near the source of pollution such as septic tank

underground water

– distributed to houses by means of pipes usually treated

piped water

impurities in water

physical chemical bacteriologic biologic radiologic

– inert suspension of floating substances that are carried by water that cause cloudiness or turbidity

physical impurities

– dissolved constituents of water which account mostly for the color of water

chemical impurities

– include microscopic plants and animals other than bacteria present in water

biologic impurities

results of nuclear weapon testing and discharge of radioisotopes and other radioactive wastes into water courses

radiologic impurities

This is done to enumerate the total viable population of bacteria present in sample

standard plate count

This is done to determine the specific type of coliform bacteria present in sample

test for coliform

– index of fecal contamination and serves as an indicator group in bacteriologic analysis of water

escherichia coli

cont. test for coliform:

1. presumptive test 2. confirmatory test 3. completed test

process whereby water particles are brought into intimate contact with air for the purpose of affecting the exchange of gas, peculiar taste and odor are removed

aeration

process whereby water particles are brought into intimate contact with air for the purpose of affecting the exchange of gas, peculiar taste and odor are removed

aeration

method of removing calcium and magnesium salts which might affect the qualities of water

softening

– treatment process aimed at preventing dental carries or tooth decay especially among children

fluoridation

– removal of taste, odor, color of water by the use of activated charcoal as absorbent

contact treatment

caused by living organisms such as bacteria and parasite entering the body with food as vehicle for transmission

food-borne infection

– this maybe caused by bacterial toxins or chemicals, may also be naturally occurring poisons present in plants, mushrooms, fishes and spoiled foods

food poisoning/intoxication

methods of food preservation

1. refrigeration(cooling) 2. drying 3. salting 4. pickling/souring 5. sugaring 6. smoking 7. canning

Low temperate (0-4 oC) prevents bacterial activity. Natural flavor maybe maintained

refrigeration

- Removes moisture from food stuff essential for bacterial growth and multiplication since bacteria need water or moisture to live and multiply so drying will kill the bacteria

drying

- Involves the addition of relatively large amounts of common table salts to preserve foods. Salt is bacteriostatic.

salting

Preserving food using weak acid (vinegar, lactic acid)

picking/souring

- Involves the storage of foods in syrup containing more than about 50% sugar as sucrose or dextrose

sugaring

- Involves the storage of foods in syrup containing more than about 50% sugar as sucrose or dextrose

sugaring

This involves rapid drying over smoke. The preserving action comes from some preservatives in the smoke. Usually done in meat and fish

smoking

This involves rapid drying over smoke. The preserving action comes from some preservatives in the smoke. Usually done in meat and fish

smoking

Sterilization, cooking and preserving in air tight tin cans

canning

3 basic methods of refuse disposal

- storage - collection - final disposal

structure that is used for reception, disposal and storage of feces and human excreta

privy

Introduction into the atmosphere of substance harmful to public health

air pollution

Any substances found in the atmosphere other than nitrogen and inert gases in their normal concentration that is detrimental to health

air pollutants

5 common air pollutants

1. ground level ozone 2. nitrogen oxides 3. particulate matters 4. sulfur oxides 5. carbon dioxide

measures to prevent & control air pollution

* Eliminate or reduce the source * Use of anti-air pollution devices in industries * Are planning/zoning * Legislation – enforcing laws and regulations prohibiting the use of smoke-belching vehicles and promotion of anti-pollution measures especially in industries * Health education * Tree planting

* Ozone is an odorless, colorless gas composed of three oxygen atoms. It is not usually emitted directly into the air but at ground level and is created by a chemical reaction between oxides of nitrogen and volatile organic compound (VOC) in the presence of heat and sunligh

ground level ozone

Sources: motor vehicles, electric utilities and other industrial, commercial and residential sources that burn fuel

nitrogen oxides

* Particles found in the air including dust, dirt, smoke and liquid droplets. Particles can be suspended in the air for long period of time

particulate matters

* It dissolves easily in air * Sources are industrial facilities that derive their products from raw materials like metallic ore and crude oil (examples are petroleum refineries, cement manufacturing and metal processing facilities)

sulfur oxides