Occupation Theory

Question 1

Swales

Answer 1

2011-Discourse Communities
Discourse communities have members who: share common goals, communicate internally using 1 or more genres, use jargon and posses knowledge to participate

Question 2

Drew + Heritage (Theory 1)

Answer 2

1992 - Institutional talk

Differs from ordinary conversation, uses: goal orientation, turn taking, jargon, structure and asymmetry

Question 3

Drew and Heritage (Theory 2)

Answer 3

1993 - Inferential Frameworks + Power Relations
Members of a discourse community share inferential frameworks with each other. Involves implicit ways of thinking, behaviour + communicating. Strong hierarchies of power with many asymmetrical power relations marked by language use

Question 4

Koester

Answer 4

2004 - Phatic Talk

How employees can support each other in tasks. They establish interpersonal relationships

Question 5

Nelson

Answer 5

2000 - Business Language

Semantic field for business involving limited categories: business, people, companies, institutions, money + technology

Question 6

Louhiala - Solminen

Answer 6

1999 - Business letters, faxes + emails

Letters are more formal because the conventions are well established. Language in faxes + emails are less constrained

Question 7

Kim and Elder

Answer 7

2009 - Korean Pilots - Confusion between Korean pilots + American air-traffic staff as native speakers don’t know the agreed phrase

Question 8

Cameron

Answer 8

2000 - Call Centre Conversations

Conversations in call centres are highly formulaic instead of spontaneous

Question 9

Lakoff

Answer 9

2011 - Politeness Principle

3 maxims followed in order to not cause offence

Question 10

Coulthard + Sinclair

Answer 10

1975 - IRF
Teachers use IRF method (initiation - response - feedback) in classrooms. Involves asking questions, getting responses from the pupils and giving feedback based on the response.

Question 11

Fairclough

Answer 11

2001 - Textual + Contextual Aspects of Power
1-Power in discourse = ways power is conveyed through language
2-Power behind discourse = focus on social + ideological power
3-Synthetic personalisation = forming a false relationship

Question 12

Wareing

Answer 12

1999 - 3 Types of Power
1-Political = person has the backing of the law
2-Personal = result of occupation/organisational power
3-Social = result of being a dominant member of a social group

Question 13

Goffman

Answer 13

1995 - Face Theory
Positive Face = Need to be liked + appreciated
Negative Face = Need to have freedom + not fee imposed on

Question 14

Brown + Levinson

Answer 14

1987 - politeness strategies