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Ophthalmology > Occuloplastics > Flashcards

Occuloplastics Flashcards

1
Q

Which muscles open the eye and what innervates them?

A

Levator Palpebrae Superioris (CN3)

Mullen’s muscle (sympathetic)

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2
Q

Which muscle closes the eye?

A

Orbicularis oculi (facial nerve)

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3
Q

List the layers of the eyelid from internal to external

A

Conjunctiva
Tarsus (containing meibomian glands)
Orbicularis oculi
Skin

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4
Q

Which factors can cause acquired ptosis?

A 
Involutional
Myogenic (myasthenia gravis)
Neurogenic (3rd nerve/horner's)
Mechanical (hemangioma)
Trauma
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5
Q

What is ectropion?

A

Turning outwards of the eyelid margin

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6
Q

What are some causes of ectropion?

A

Ageing changes
Facial nerve palsy
Cicatricial (scarring)
Mechanical

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7
Q

What is the risk of ectropion?

A

Metaplastic changes in exposed conjunctiva

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8
Q

What is entropion?

A

Rolling in of the eyelid margin

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9
Q

What causes entropion?

A

Involution
Trauma
Cicatricial

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10
Q

List the bones of the orbit

A 
Frontal
Maxillary
Zygomatic
Sphenoid
Lacrimal
Ethmoid
Palatine
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11
Q

What travels through the optic canal?

A

Optic nerve
Ophthalmic artery
Sympathetic nerve plexus

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12
Q

Which 4 things differentiate preseptal cellulitis from orbital cellulitis?

A

Optic nerve defects (VA decrease, VF decrease, RAPD)
Ophthalmoplegia
Kimosis
Proptosis

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13
Q

What is the most common cause of orbital cellulitis?

A

Sinusitis

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14
Q

What is the pathogenesis of thyroid eye disease?

A

Infiltration of orbital tissues by inflammatory cells due to auto-immunity to humoral antigens

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15
Q

What are the classic signs of orbital fracture?

A

Hypotropia
Enopthalmos
Restricted motility
Infra-orbital anesthesia

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16
Q

Describe the difference between stye and chalazion?

A

A stye is painful staph infection at the eyelash
A chalazion is a painless granuloma of a meiobomian gland
Stye is treated with warm compress and antibiotic ointment
Chalazion is often self-resolving but can be excised

17
Q

What is xanthelasmas?

A

Yellowish sessile plaques associated with hypercholesterolaemia

18
Q

Which types of malignancy occur on the eyelid?

A

BCC
SCC
Both require excision

19
Q

How do we treat congenital nasolacrimal duct congestion?

A 
Conservative
Probing and syringing
Intubation/dacryoplasty
Dacryocystorhinostomy
95% resolve conservatively by 1 year

Ophthalmology (9 decks)

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