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Ophthalmology Week 2 > Occular Pharmacology > Flashcards

Occular Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the properties of the epithelium of the cornea?

A

lipophilic and hydrophobic

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2
Q

what are the properties of the stroma of the cornea?

A

lipophobic and hydrophilic

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3
Q

what layer of the cornea do lipid soluble drugs penetrate?

A

the epithelium

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4
Q

what layer of the cornea do water soluble drugs penetrate?

A

the stroma

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5
Q

why is Chloramphenicol particularly good at penetrating the cornea?

A

it has lipophilic and hydrophilic properties

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6
Q

what can reduce the hydrophobic nature of the endothelium of the cornea?

A

ocular surface inflammation

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7
Q

what type of drugs does the epithelium of the cornea limit?

A

hydrophilic drugs

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8
Q

what type of drugs does the stroma of the cornea limit?

A

hydrophobic drugs

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9
Q

what affect does adding alcohol or acetate to a steroid have?

A

makes it more hydrophobic

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10
Q

what affect does adding phosphate to a topical steroid have?

A

makes it more hydrophilic

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11
Q

does prednisolone acetate have a good or bad penetration in an uninflamed cornea?

A

good penetration

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12
Q

when is prednisolone acetate most often used?

A

post-operatively

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13
Q

does prednisolone phosphate have a good or poor penentration in an uninflamed cornea?

A

poor

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14
Q

what is prednisolone phosphate used for?

A

for cornea disease or when u want low dose steroid

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15
Q

why is benzalkonium added to eye treatment bottles?

A

it is a preservative

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16
Q

other than being a preservative, what else does benzalkonium do?

A

disrupts lipid layer of tear film- therefore aids penetration of some drugs

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17
Q

how long do bottles of eye treatment last before they are no longer effective?

A

about 4 weeks

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18
Q

how can eye drops be systemically absorbed and where does this happen?

A

tears are pumped out of lacrimal sac rapidly and excess goes to systemic absorption in the nasopharynx

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19
Q

what are the 4 types of injections?

A

subconjuctival and subtenons. Intravitreal and intracameral

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20
Q

when are topical steroids used?

A
  • post op cataracts
  • uveitis
  • to prevent corneal graft rejection
21
Q

what are the possible local side effects of topical steroids?

A
  • cataract
  • glaucoma
  • exacerbation of viral infection
22
Q

what are the possible systemic side effects of topical steroids?

A

-gastric ulceration
-immunosuppression
-osteoporosis
-weight gain
-diabetes
etc

23
Q

currently, what is the only modifiable risk factor for glaucoma?

A

raised intra ocular pressure

24
Q

what happens in glaucoma?

A

progressive damage to the optic nerve resulting in visual field defects

25
Q

what is the gold standard 1st line managment for glaucoma?

A

Prostanoids

26
Q

Give an example of a Prostanoid?

A

Latanoprost (Xalatan)

27
Q

other than Prostanoids, what other treatments can be given in glaucoma?

A
  • beta blockers
  • carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
  • alpha2 adrenergic agonist
  • parasympathomimetic
28
Q

examples of beta blockers used in glaucoma?

A

timolol, betaxolol, levobunolol, carteolol

29
Q

give an example of a topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitors?

A

Dorzolamide

30
Q

give an example of a systemic carbonic anhydrase inhibitors?

A

acetazolamide

31
Q

Give an example of alpha2 adrenergic agonist ?

A

brimonidine

32
Q

an example of a parasympathomimetic?

A

pilocarpine

33
Q

what method of admission is used in endophthalamitis and what is given?

A

antibiotics given intravitreally

34
Q

what does anti-VEGF stand for?

A

anti- Vascular-endothelial growth factor

35
Q

what is the most common cause of endopthalmitis?

A

post-op or post-injection.

36
Q

how does a local anaesthetic work in the eye?

A

blocks sodium channels and impedes nerve conduction

37
Q

why should you not give eyedrop local anaesthetic home with someone?

A

it impairs healing

38
Q

what is most commonly used diagnostic dye?

A

fluorescein

39
Q

what are the 4 uses of fluroscein dye?

A
  • shows corneal abrasion
  • tonometry
  • diagnosing nasolacrimal duct obstruction
  • angiography
40
Q

what is the purpose of using a mydriatics?

A

to dilate the pupil while examining

41
Q

how do mydriatics cause pupil dilation?

A

by blocking parasympathetic supply to iris

42
Q

what is the common side effects of giving mydriatics?

A

blurred vision

43
Q

what is an extremely rare side effect of mydriatics?

A

AACG- acute angle closure glaucoma

44
Q

what is the main feature of AACG?

A

a banging headache

45
Q

what does a sympathomimetic work on and what is the effect?

A

acts on systemic system and causes pupil to dilate

46
Q

give 2 examples of sympathomimetics?

A

phenylephrine and atropine

47
Q

what drug has been associated with causing optic neuropathy?

A

ethambutol used in TB

48
Q

what is chloroquine associated with causing?

A

maculopathy

49
Q

2 examples of mydriatics?

A

tropicamide and cyclopentolate

Ophthalmology Week 2 (6 decks)

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