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Ophthalmology Week 2 > Neurological Conditions and the Eye > Flashcards

Neurological Conditions and the Eye Flashcards

1
Q

what is the most common problem that affects the brain tissue?

A

vascular disease

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2
Q

what pathologies/processes can cause neural issues?

A
  • vascular
  • tumours
  • trauma
  • demyelination
  • inflammation/infection
  • congenital abnormalities
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3
Q

what nerves can be damaged that would cause ocular motility defects?

A

CN III, IV and VI

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4
Q

what is the most common nerve palsy? (in terms of the nerves that supply ocular mobility)

A

VIth nerve palsy

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5
Q

what muscle does CN VI supply?

A

the lateral rectus

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6
Q

what is the lateral rectus muscle responsible for?

A

abduction

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7
Q

what can be seen in the eye of someone with a VIth nerve palsy?

A

convergent squint. affected eye is facing inwards as the lateral rectus is not working to pull it out

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8
Q

4 most common causes (in order) of VIth nerve palsy?

A
  • microvascular
  • raised ICP
  • tumour
  • congenital
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9
Q

if there is raised ICP, what is the VIth nerve compressed against?

A

the petrous part of temporal bone

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10
Q

second most common nerve palsy?

A

IVth nerve palsy - trochlear nerve

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11
Q

3 most common causes of IVth nerve palsy?

A
  • congenital
  • microvascular
  • tumour
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12
Q

what is the most common cause of bilateral IVth nerve palsy?

A

closed head trauma

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13
Q

what muscle does the IVth nerve supply?

A

superior oblique muscle

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14
Q

what is a clinical sign of a IVth nerve palsy?

A

eyeball cannot look down and in

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15
Q

what would you suspect in a child who sits with their head tilted to see better?

A

a IVth nerve palsy

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16
Q

what is the least common nerve palsy?

A

IIIth nerve palsy - occulomotor nerve

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17
Q

what muscles does the oculomotor nerve supply?

A
  • medial, inferior and superior rectus
  • inferior oblique
  • sphincter pupillae
  • levator palpebrae superioris
18
Q

what is the occular position in a 3rd nerve palsy?

A

down and out

19
Q

what might you notice in the pupil in a 3rd nerve palsy?

A

dilated pupil

20
Q

5 most common causes of IIIrd nerve palsy?

A
  • microvascular
  • tumour
  • aneurysm
  • MS
  • congenital
21
Q

what would a painful 3rd nerve palsy indicate?

A

an aneurysm

22
Q

what are the causes of inter-nuclear Ophthalmoplegia?

A
  • MS
  • vascular
  • etc etc
23
Q

what happens in inter-nuclear ophthalmoplegia?

A

the 2 eyes no longer work together so when one looks left, the other will not do this at the same rate and speed

24
Q

what nerve is involved in inter-nucleus ophthalmoplegia?

A

medial longitudinal fasciculus

25
Q

at what areas on the optic pathway can be affected to cause a visual field defect?

A
  • optic nerve
  • optic chiasm
  • optic tracts
  • optic radiations
  • cortex
26
Q

what happens in optic neuritis in relation to visual loss?

A

progressive visual loss unilaterally

27
Q

what can a patient with optic neuritis present with?

A

pain behind the eye, loss of some colour vision

28
Q

what makes the pain worse in optic neuritis?

A

eye movement

29
Q

what is a gap in visual field called?

A

a scotoma

30
Q

in what age group does optic neuritis commonly affect?

A

young people/ young adults

31
Q

does optic neuritis recover?

A

yes

32
Q

over how long does optic neuritis recover?

A

over weeks-months

33
Q

what often happens the optic nerve after optic neuritis?

A

optic atrophy

34
Q

what can affect the optic chiasm causing visual defects?

A
  • pituitary tumour
  • craniopharyngioma
  • meningioma
35
Q

what age group does craniopharyngioma affect?

A

children

36
Q

if something compresses the optic chiasm, what type of visual field loss is there?

A

bi-temporal field defect

37
Q

what type of visual defect occurs when a problem is affecting the optic tracts or radiations?

A

homonomous defects

38
Q

is the macula spared when the problem is affecting the optic tracts and radiations?

A

no

39
Q

is there macular sparing when there is damage to the occipital cortex?

A

yes

40
Q

what type of defect arises in when there is damage to the occipital cortex?

A

homonmous defect

41
Q

what is a ring enhancing lesion in the brain and what can cause them?

A

long held abscess- eg in TB, parasitic abscess, chronic bacterial abscess

Ophthalmology Week 2 (6 decks)

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