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h1 chemistry definations > OC01: organic chem > Flashcards

OC01: organic chem Flashcards

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1
Q

alkanes reactions

A
  1. combustion
  2. substitution: Cl2 or Br2 under UV light -> halogenoalkane
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2
Q

alkenes reaction

A
  1. combustion
  2. addition of H2: Ni catalyst, heat under reflux -> alkanes
  3. addition of Br2: Br2 in CCl4, absence of UV light -> halogenoalkane
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3
Q

halogenoalkane reactions

A
  1. substitution: NaOH (aq), heat under reflux -> alcohol
  2. elimination: ethanolic NaOH (alc), heat under reflux -> alkene
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4
Q

alcohol reactions

A
  1. combustion
  2. elimination: conc. H2SO4 @ 170 degrees OR heat with Al2O3 @ 350 degrees -> alkenes
  3. oxidation of primary (1) alcohol: KmnO4 (aq), H2SO4 (aq), heat under reflux -> carboxylic acid
  4. oxidation of secondary (2) alcohol: KmnO4 (aq), H2SO4 (aq), heat under reflux -> ketone (non-terminal)
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5
Q

carbonyl compound (aldehyde)

A

sub: -formyl
suffix: -al
1. reduction: LiAlH4 in dry ether, room temperature (reduced only C=O group) -> primary (1) alcohol
1. reduction: H2 (g), Ni catalyst, heat (reduced both C=C and C=O) -> primary (1) alcohol
2. oxidation: KmnO4 (aq), H2SO4 (aq), heat under reflux -> carboxylic acid

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6
Q

carboxylic acid reactions

A
  1. reduction (metal-acid reaction) -> H2 gas evolved, metal dissolves
  2. acid-base reaction/ acid- carbonate reaction
  3. condensation (with alcohol): alcohol, conc. H2SO4 (aq), heat under reflux -> ester
  4. condensation (with amine): amine, DCC dehydrating agent -> amides
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7
Q

carbonyl compound (ketone)

A

sub: -oxo
suffix: -one
1. reduction: LiAlH4 in dry ether, room temperature (reduced only C=O group) -> secondary (2) alcohol
1. reduction: H2 (g), Ni catalyst, heat (reduced both C=C and C=O) -> secondary (2) alcohol

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8
Q

amine reactions

A
  1. neutralisation: HCL, H2SO4 (aq), room temperature -> white crystalline solid formed on evaporation
  2. condensation (with carboxylic acid): DCC dehydrating agent -> amides
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9
Q

ester reactions

A
  1. acidic hydrolysis (take in H2O): H2SO4, heat under reflux -> alcohol & carboxylic acid
  2. alkali hydrolysis (take in H2O): NaOH (aq), heat under reflux -> alcohol & sodium salt (due to acid + NaOH)
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10
Q

amide reactions (RCO-NH2)

A
  1. acidic hydrolysis (take in H2O): HCL/ H2SO4, heat under reflux -> carboxylic acid & amine salt
  2. alkali hydrolysis (take in H2O): NaOH (aq), heat under reflux -> carboxylate salt (CH3NH2) + ammonia
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11
Q

what is the trend for boiling point of branched alkanes

A
  1. for alkanes with the same no. of C, boiling point decreases with in degree of branching
  2. highly branched molecules are more spherical and hence have a smaller surface area contact between molecules.
  3. hence, strength of id-id between molecules are weaker and less energy is required to breaks these intermolecular forces of attraction
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12
Q

what is the trend for melting point of branched alkanes

A
  1. symmetrically branched alkanes allow the molecule to be packed more efficiently in the solid lattice and gives rise to stringer id-id forces of attraction, hence melting point increases and more energy is required to overcome these stronger FOA
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13
Q

how to explain solubility

A

___ are soluble:
1. because energy released when id-id forces between alkane and non-polar solvent molecules is sufficient to compensate for the energy required to break id-id forces between alkane molecules and that between non-polar solvent

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14
Q

disadvantages of substitution

A
  1. multiple substitution
  2. production of isomeric product
  3. difficulty in production of iodoalkanes (due to low energy given out by H-I bond)
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15
Q

what are constitutional isomers?

A

are isomers that have the same molecular formula but different structural formula

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16
Q

what are cis-trans isomers?

A

are isomers that have the same molecular formula but different spatial arrangement
arises when:
1. there is a source of restricted rotation (about the C=C bond)
2. there are two different group attached to each caron of the C=C bond

17
Q

structure of benzene and its electrical conductivity

A
  1. on each carbon, , the sp2 hybrid orbital forms 3 bonds with 2 other carbon atoms & a hydrogen atom on the same plane
  2. the remaining p orbital on each carbon is perpendicular to the plane
  3. these p orbitals are close enough to one another to side-on overlap and form a ring of delocalised pi electrons above and below the plane = resulting in aromatic ring that gives extra stability

since delocalisation of pi electrons occur within the benzene ring not between the molecules, there are no charge carriers present to conduct electricity.

18
Q

why does carboxylic acid have a higher boiling point that alcohol or alkanes?

A
  1. all 3 compounds have simple molecular structure
  2. alkane lowest due to id-id
  3. both alcohol and carboxylic acid have strong hydrogen bonds
  4. however in carboxylic acid, the presence of electron withdrawing (C=O) group withdraws electron away from the hydrogen atom o the OH group, causing O-H bond in OH group to be more polarised (hydrogen bond is stronger)
  5. hence more energy is needed to overcome the stronger intermolecular H bonding in acids

h1 chemistry definations (14 decks)

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