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Behavioral Endocrinology Final > OC Guest Lecture 14 > Flashcards

OC Guest Lecture 14 Flashcards

1
Q

What do males and females have in common?

A

In bio-medical studies, male only studies have been the norm. Using male subjects as representative of the species, findings from these studies are applied to females, sometimes with negative consequences

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2
Q

Automobile safety

A

Until 2011, automobile manufacturers were only required to use crash test dummies modeled after the average American male. Because of this, women were 50% more likely to incur a severe injury and 70% more likely to incur moderate injuries after a car accident

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3
Q

Drug development

A

Much of the basic science that has led to drugs and medical treatments have been conducted in male animals and cell models. As a result, many drugs have had to change their dosing and prescribing practices in females to accommodate sex differences in drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics. Between 1997 and 2000, 8 of the 10 drugs that were recalled were recalled due to adverse and unforeseen side effects in women

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4
Q

What do seatbelt safety and drug development have in common?

A

Developed in research in men

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5
Q

What is a hormonal contraceptive?

A

A birth control method that acts to disrupt the menstrual cycle via steroid hormones

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6
Q

What are the two types of oral contraceptives? What steroids do they use?

A

Combined oral contraceptives: estrogen and progestin

Progestogen only pill

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7
Q

What are the 5 other hormonal contraceptives?

A 
Patch
Vaginal ring
Shot
Implant
Intra-uterine device (IUD)
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8
Q

Patch hormonal contraceptive

A

Transdermal patch that releases estrogen and progestin, lasts 1 week

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9
Q

Vaginal ring hormonal contraceptive

A

Eg: NuvaRing

Plastic ring inserted into vagina, releases estrogen and progestin, lasts one month

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10
Q

Shot hormonal contraceptive

A

Eg: Depo-provera

Injection of progestin, lasts 3 months

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11
Q

Implant hormonal contraceptive

A

Eg: Nexplanon

Rod inserted under skin of upper arm that releases progestin, lasts up to 4 years

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12
Q

Intra-uterine device (IUD) hormonal contraceptive

A

T-shaped piece of plastic inserted into the uterus, some release progestin

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13
Q

How long has birth control been around for?

A

60 years

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14
Q

Child of Margaret Sanger

A

Women’s right advocate

Opened first illegal birth control clinic

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15
Q

Dr. Pincus

A

Recruited by Sanger

Asked to study hormonal influences of fertility and if he could come up with a drug to regulate it

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16
Q

Katherine D. McCormick

A

Women’s right advocate

Funded most of the research necessary to develop the first birth control pill

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17
Q

Margaret Sanger

A

American birth control activist, sex educator, writer and nurse
Popularized the term “birth control”
Opened the first birth control clinic in the United States and established organizations into the Planned Parenthood Federation of America

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18
Q

Dr. Min Chueh Chang

A

His work on in vitro fertilization led to the first “test tube baby”
Best known for his contribution to the development of the combined oral contraceptive pill at the Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology

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19
Q

Dr. John Rock

A

Best known for the major role he played in the development of the first birth control pill
Campaigned vigorously for Roman Catholic approval of the pill

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20
Q

Dr. Ebris Rice-Wray

A

Helped prove the worth of the oral contraceptive pill and worked on the birth control injection

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21
Q

What did Comstock Act do in 1873?

A

Prohibits any promotion or distribution of birth control

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22
Q

What did Margaret Sanger do in 1916?

A

Opened the first birth control clinic in the US

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23
Q

What happened with planned parenthood in 1950?

A

They underwrote the initial search for an oral contraceptive

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24
Q

What did Dr. Carl Djerassi develop in 1951?

A

Norethindrone (the first orally active progestin)

25
Q

Who led the clinical trials in 1956?

A

Doctors John Rock and Edris Rice-Wray

26
Q

What happened in 1957 with Enovid?

A

Enovid is approved for menstrual regulation

27
Q

What happened in 1960 in regards to Enovid?

A

Enovid is approved as an oral contraceptive

28
Q

What did the Supreme Court do in 1965?

A

Gives married couples the right to use birth control

29
Q

What happened in 1970 with Dr. Seaman’s book?

A

Dr. Seaman’s book prompts Senator Nelson to hold hearings on whether the pill is dangerous

30
Q

What did the Supreme Court do in 1972?

A

Legalized birth control for all citizens regardless of marital status

31
Q

What did the Thalidomide tragedy lead to in 1962?

A

Leads to changes in drug development and strengthening FDA’s authority

32
Q

What were pregnant women and women of childbearing age included as in 1975?

A

“Vulnerable research subjects”

33
Q

What did NIH and FDA guidelines recommend in 1980s?

A

Including women in studies and new drug applications

34
Q

What happened to FDA guidelines in 1977? What did congress do?

A

FDA guidelines reversed; congress mandates inclusion of women in NIH sponsored clinical trials

35
Q

What happened to Dr. Bernadine Henley in 1991?

A

She was appointed president of NIH

36
Q

What did NIH policies require in 2014?

A

Scientists to consider sex as a biological variable across the research spectrum

37
Q

What happened to Dr. Janine Clayton in 2012?

A

Appointed NIH associative director for research on Women’s Health and Director of the Office of Research on Women’s Health

38
Q

What 3 things were reduced when the pill was introduced into society?

A 
Maternal deaths (down 60%)
Infant deaths less than 1 years old (down 76%)
Percent unwanted births to married women (decreased 56%)
39
Q

What four things increased when the pill was introduced into society?

A

Women in US labor force (up 2.8x)
4+ years of college in percent females (up 6x)
US lawyers that are female (up 11x)
PhDs that are given to females (up 5x)

40
Q

What is there chronic suppression in when you’re on the pill?

A

Sex hormones

41
Q

When do pill users have very low levels of hormones?

A

During menstrual cycle

42
Q

What does the pill modulate?

A

Neuromodulators

If hormones are different than usual, you will think differently

43
Q

Compare the amount of estradiol (mcg) from when the pill was first introduced in 1960 to now (2010)?

A

Started with 150 mcg and now is at 10 mcg

44
Q

Compare the progestin dose (mcg) in enovid to current brands?

A

Enovid: 10,000 mcg

Current brands: 50-150 mcg

45
Q

What does estradiol do it regards to hippocampal pyramidal neurons?

A

Regulates spine synapses on hippocampal pyramidal neurons

46
Q

What changes impact on brain structure in regards to the pill?

A

Age of initiation

47
Q

What happens to the amygdala/parahippocampal gurus after 3 months of OC use?

A

Decrease in L amygdala/parahippocampal gurus volume

48
Q

OC use has been shown to impact bran structure but what do these studies suffer from?

A

Small sample size
Variability in design (age of initiation, duration of use, OC formulation used)
Few replications

49
Q

Online reproductive health questionnaire

A

Current and past use of hormonal contraceptives

  • age of initiation
  • duration of use
  • brand name for formulation
50
Q

UCSB brain imaging center

A

IRB approval to collect deidentified imaging data

51
Q

How does OC use impact cerebellar volume?

A

Parts of the cerebellum that show effects are part of the PFC and limbic system connections
Also found that women who use the pill for longer show more grey matter volume in the cerebellum in regions involved in motor activity, atttention and emotional processing

52
Q

What do women’s health and the cerebellum have in common?

A

Both understudied because they are thought to be too complicated to study
Cerebellum has more neurons than the rest of the brain

53
Q

Roberta Brenton USC/UA Study

A 
Duration of use
Rat model of OC use:
-imaging
-serum assays
-CSF assays
-Histology
54
Q

John Morrison of UC Davis study

A 
Age of initiation and formulation 
NHP model of OC use:
-imaging
-serum assays
-CSF assays
-histology
55
Q

Jacobs Lab at UCSB study

A

Population studies
Human model of OC use:
-imaging
-serum assays

56
Q

What are the three forms of male contraceptive?

A

Nestorone-Testosterone
Dimethandrolone Undecanoate (DMAU)
Vasagel

57
Q

Nestorone-Testosterone

A
  • Topical gel
  • Further along in clinical trials (still ~10 years out)
  • reduces sperm production by disrupting hormones responsible for stimulating testosterone production in the testes
58
Q

Dimethandrolone Undecanoate (DMAU)

A
  • Daily pill (considering monthly shot)

- Hormone changes induced by the pill should suppress sperm production

59
Q

Vasalgel

A
  • no surgical vasectomy called reversible inhibition of sperm under guidance (RISUG)
  • a polymer gel injected into the vas deferens blocks sperm
  • Preclinical phase in the US

Behavioral Endocrinology Final (5 decks)

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