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Behavioral Endocrinology Final > Lecture 14: Exogenous Hormones I > Flashcards

Lecture 14: Exogenous Hormones I Flashcards

1
Q

What are two sources of exogenous hormones?

A
  • environmental exposure

- Pharmaceuticals

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2
Q

What is an EDC?

A

Exogenous chemicals capable of mimicking or blocking the action of hormones by binding to or interfering with their receptors. This interference disrupts signaling processes throughout the body, which can lead to a variety of diseases of the endocrine system

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3
Q

How is exposure to EDCs impacted by how we define what is “safe”?

A

Exposure to EDCs is widespread, and in some cases, ubiquitous, meaning we are all impacted by how we define what is “safe” in our chemical universe

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4
Q

How many chemicals in use today impact our basic endocrine systems? What do these effect?

A

Taken together, this collection of work raises concern about how many of the 90,000+ chemicals in use today may disrupt our most basic endocrine systems with significant consequences for neurodevelopment, neurophysiology, healthy brain aging and behavior

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5
Q

What should we push for in regards to EDCs?

A

“Push for deregulation… even though epidemiological studies revealing that prenatal EDC exposures may impact children’s development even when exposures are within the range or below reported “safe” levels

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6
Q

What about EDCs has been known for a long time?

A

Their ability to impair reproductive physiology

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7
Q

More recent recognition of how EDCs impair what 4 other complex behaviors?

A
  • mate selection
  • affiliative behaviors
  • Neurodevelopment/cognition
  • energy metabolism/obesogenic properties
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8
Q

What 5 things should be taken into consideration when studying EDCs?

A
  • age of exposure
  • duration of exposure
  • latency between exposure and disease
  • low dose effects
  • measurement/screening
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9
Q

What 13 sources of poison are in our body?

A
  • Colgate toothpaste
  • liquid soap
  • canned food
  • hard plastic water bottles
  • register receipts
  • sunscreen
  • make up
  • vinyl shower curtains
  • dryer sheets
  • mothballs
  • fabric protector
  • nail polish
  • foam filled furniture
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10
Q

Antimicrobials: details and sources

A
  • can interfere with thyroid and other hormones

- found in: Colgate toothpaste, soap, deodorant

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11
Q

Benzophenones: details and sources

A
  • can mimic natural hormones like estrogen

- found in: sunscreens, lotions, lip balms

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12
Q

Bisphenols: details and sources

A
  • can mimic natural hormones like estrogen

- Found in: protective liners for canned goods, hard plastic water bottles, thermal paper register receipts

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13
Q

1,4 dichlorobenzene: details and sources

A
  • can affect thyroid hormones and can increase risk for cancer
  • found in: mothballs and toilet deodorizers
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14
Q

Parabens: details and sources

A
  • can mimic natural hormones like estrogen

- found in: cosmetics, personal care products like shampoo, hair gels, lotions

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15
Q

Phthalates: details and sources

A
  • can disrupt male reproductive development and fertility

- found in: vinyl shower curtains, fast food, nail polish, perfume/cologne

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16
Q

Fragrance chemicals: details and sources

A
  • can exacerbate asthma symptoms and disrupt natural hormones
  • found in: perfume/cologne, cleaning products, dryer sheets, air fresheners
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17
Q

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS): details and sources

A
  • can affect hormones, immune response in children and may increase risk of cancer
  • found in: Scotchgard and other stain resistant treatments, fast food wrappers
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18
Q

Flame retardants: details and sources

A
  • can affect neurodevelopment and hormone levels, and may increase risk of cancer
  • found in: nail polish, foam cushioning in furniture, rigid foam insulation
19
Q

What is sperm like in young adult males?

A

About 90% of sperm in a typical young man are misshapen, sometimes with two heads or two tails

20
Q

What is a sperm under the influence of?

A

An endocrine disrupting chemical in sunscreen

21
Q

Where are synthetic chemicals found?

A

Synthetic chemicals surround us. They are in our take out containers, children’s toys, furniture and clothes. There’s BPA in our receipts and flame retardants in our children’s car seats. You might think the government has carefully reviewed every chemical for safety before it hits the market. But it hasn’t

22
Q

What did the Trump Administration do in 2016?

A

Scientists and environmentalists reacted with fear on the week of January 25, 2016 as the Trump Administration purged nearly all mentions of climate change programs for the White House and state department websites and ordered a freeze on federal grant spending at the environmental protection agency and other governmental agencies

23
Q

What do chloropyrifos increase the risk of?

A

Increased risk of delayed mental development, ADHD and autism spectrum disorder

24
Q

How much chlorpyrifos are used a year?

A

Six million pounds of chlorpyrifos are used each year on more than 50 crops in the United States, including corn, soybeans, asparagus, peaches, strawberries, apples, broccoli, onions, walnuts and cranberries

25
Q

What did the Dow Agroscience’s parent company contribute?

A

One million dollars to the Trump inaugural committee

26
Q

What did Mr. Trump do during his first weekday in office?

A

Announced his cuts in EDC regulations (after Dow Agroscience’s parent company contributed $1 million to his inaugural committee)

27
Q

What did Scott Pruitt (the EPA director under the Trump Administration) announce that American’s are tired of seeing?

A

“The American people are tired of seeing billions of dollars drained from our economy due to unnecessary EPA regulations, and I intend to run this agency in a way that fosters both responsible protection of the environment and freedom for American business”

28
Q

What is BPA?

A

A synthetic xenoestrogen

29
Q

How does BPA affect receptors?

A

Binds weakly to ER (androgens, glucocorticoids)

30
Q

Where is BPA found?

A

In commercial use since 1957 for the manufacturing of plastics (dental amalgams, food cans, lining of water pipes, store receipts, baby bottles, animal lab cages, etc)

31
Q

What is the BPA epidemiology?

A

Humans are widely exposed to chronic levels of BPA

32
Q

What is the EPA “safe” daily limit of BPA?

A

50 micrograms/kilograms

33
Q

EPA: “BPA is not a health concern.” Why might they try to say that?

A

To cover the fact that in 2010, the EPA reported that over 1 million pounds of BPA are released into the environment annually

34
Q

What is prenatal exposure of BPA associated with?

A

Poor behavioral outcomes, anxiety, depression

35
Q

What might BPA interact with?

A

DA systems to enhance mesolimbic activity- heightened sensitivity to drugs of abuse

36
Q

What does estradiol regulate?

A

Spine synapses on hippocampal pyramidal neurons, which are the site of excitatory neurotransmission important for learning and memory

37
Q

When is spine density in the hippocampus highest (during ovarian cycle)?

A

Proestrus

  • day of ovulation
  • Highest levels of E2
38
Q

Proestrus

A
  • day of ovulation

- High E2 levels

39
Q

Diestrus

A
  • beginning of ovarian cycle

- low E2 Levels

40
Q

Estrus

A
  • day after ovulation

- Low E2 levels

41
Q

What does BPA completely abolish?

A

The synaptogenic effect of estradiol, even at relatively low exposure levels

42
Q

What does remodeling our spine synapses play a critical role in? How does BPA interfere?

A

Because remodeling of spine synapses may play a critical role in cognition and mood, the ability of BPA to interfere with spine synapse formation has profound implications. This study is the first to demonstrate an adverse effect of BPA on the brain in nonhuman primate model and further amplifies concerns about the widespread use of BPA in medical equipment and in food preparation and storage

43
Q

Obesogens

A

A subclass of EDCs that might predispose individuals to obesity

Behavioral Endocrinology Final (5 decks)

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