OC Flashcards
What are the 5 levels of environmental turbulence?
- Predictable
- Forecastable by extrapolation
- Predicatble threats and opportunities
- Partially predictable opportunities
- Unpredictable surprises
What are the 3 levels of change situations proposed by Stacey (1996)?
- Closed change
- Contained change
- Open-ended change
What are the 3 varieties of change according to Grundy (1993)?
- Smooth incremental change
- Bumpy incremental change
- Discontinuous change
What are the 4 types of change mapped on 2 dimensions according to Balogun and Hope Hailey?
Scope (incremental or big-bang)
Scale (realignment or transformation)
What are the 2 types of converging change according to Tushman et al. ?
Fine-tuning and incremental adaptation
What are the 4 types of change according to Plowman (2007), and how are these portrayed in the 4 quadrants?
4 types:
1. Continuous
2. Convergent
3. Episodic
4. Radical
4 quadrants:
1. Continuous & Convergent
2. Episodic & Convergent
3. Episodic & Radical
4. Continuous & Radical
What are the 4 types of change according to Dunphy & Stace (1993)
- Fine-tuning
- Incremental adjustment
- Modular transformation
- Corporate transformation
____ change is fine-tuning of an existing configuration. The organizational configuration or template is not changed
Convergent
____ change is seen as something managers can control
Planned
____ changs is also known as continuous change. Has slow adaptation of existing systems or structures
Evolutionary
____ change is fast-paced and affecting all or most of an organization at the same time
Revolutionary
____ change is breaking away from a position such that a very different position is reached. Organizations or parts of them can be seen as being transformed from one template to another (is also known as frame-breaking change)
Radical
____ change is seen as something that managers create the right climate for. If the organization is seen as an evolving system, then change arises out of experimentation and adaptation.
Emergent
What are the stages of Greiner’s (1972) organizational life cycle?
Include the stages of growth and crises as well.
- Entrepreneurial stage
- Collective stage
- Formalization stage
- Elaboration stage
- Growth through creativity - crisis of leadership
- Growth through direction - crisis of autonomy
- Growth through delegation - crisis of control
- Growth through coordination - crisis of red tape
- Growth through collaboration - crisis of ?
What are the 6 dimensions of structure?
- Specialization
- Standardization
- Formalization
- Centralization
- Configuration
- Traditionalism
What are 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of the Bureaucratic structure?
Advantages:
- Clear hierarchy and authority
- Consistency and predictability
Disadvantages:
- Inflexibility
- Reduced innovation
What are 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of the functional structures?
Advantages:
- Specialization
- Efficiency
Disadvantages:
- Silo mentality
- Slow response to change
What are 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of the matrix structure?
Advantages:
- Efficient use of resources
- Improved communication and collaboration
Disadvantages:
- Dual authority conflict
- Complex coordination:
What are 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of the network structure?
Advantages:
- Flexibility: Easily adapts to change by adding or removing nodes
- Access to expertise
Disadvantages:
- Loss of control: Reliance on external partners can reduce oversight and consistency.
- Coordination challenges: Managing a dispersed network requires strong communication and trust mechanisms.
What is the structuration theory?
Explains how social structures are both shaped by and shape the actions of individuals.
what is the ANT theory?
Views structure not as a stable given, but as a continuous process of organizing actors in a network and aligning their interests.
4 phases in translation:
1- problematization
2- interessement
3- enrolment
4- mobilization
What is the Institutional theory?
way of understanding why organizations often look and behave in similar ways, especially within the same industry or sector.
3 isomorphic pressures:
- normative
- coercice
- mimetic
According to Robbins & Judge (2013) there are 7 characteristics of culture
- Innovation and risk taking
- Attention to detail
- Outcome orientation
- People orientation
- Team orientation
- Aggression
- Stability
Cultural Web Model
1 - stories
2 - symbols
3 - power structures
4 - organizational structures
5 - control systems
6 - rituals and routines
Define Power & Politics. How do they differ from each other?
Power = The option to force your will on others
Politics = Power in action through influencing tactics
the difference between the 2 is that power refers to a capability someone has to Influence others toward their interests, while politics refers to the actual behavior or actions they take to influence others
____ power is the formal position in a hierarchy
Legitimate power
____ power refers to knowledge and skills
Expert power
_____ power refers to charisma and identification
Referent power
_____ power refers to salary, bonus and promotion
Reward power
____ power refers to punishments and forcing people
Coercive power
High concern for production and low concern for people is a _____ conflict strategy
Competing
When both sides give up something to reach a middle ground, the ___ conflict strategy is used
Compromising
Trying to meet both sides, working together to find a solution that satisfies both sides is making use of the ___ conflict strategy
Collaborating
When conflict doesn’t get dealth with at all, the ____ conflict strategy is used
Avoiding
When you let the other person have their way to keep the peace, you make use of the ____ conflict strategy
Accomodating
What does power over meaning mean?
Controlling how people think about something. It happens when leaders or managers give a certain reason for change, but they might have a different, hidden reason
What does system power mean?
Power that comes from the way things are set up, like culture, habits, and structure.
What is the great man theory ?
Leaders are born not made. They are heroic and charismatic
What are the trait theories?
people inherit certain qualities and characteristics that make them much better suited for leadership
Explain the behavioral style theories
leadership can be learned. focus is on a leader’s actions, not their thinking
Explain the contingency and situational theories
Particular variables in the environment or the situation will suggest the appropriate style of leadership
Explain the relational and pro-social theories
leadership is interrelational and co-created between people. can be used to transform both individuals and organizations.
What are the 4 categories of leadership according to Dunphy & Stace (1988)
- collaborative
- communicative
- directive
- coercive
what are the 3 features of Lewin’s model?
- Unfreeze
- change
- refreeze
What are some of the core principles of the OD process
- Humanistic centric (People):
○ OD emphasizes respect for individuals, fostering trust, collaboration, and empowerment within the organization. - Organizations as Systems
○ Organizations are viewed as complex systems where changes in one area affect the whole. OD focuses on aligning all parts of the system to achieve shared goals. - Organizational learning
○ OD involves employees at all levels in the change process to build commitment and harness collective insights. - Data-Driven Approach and iterative:
○ Decisions are based on data collected through methods like action research
Rather than quick fixes, OD aims for sustainable development and improvements that endure over time.
name 2 strengths and 2 weaknesses to the OD process
Two Key Strengths
1. Focus on Employee Engagement:
○ OD actively involves employees in the change process, promoting ownership, reducing resistance, and fostering a sense of belonging. This leads to smoother and more sustainable transitions.
2. Holistic and Systemic Approach:
○ By addressing the organization as a whole system, OD ensures that changes are aligned across all areas, minimizing unintended consequences and enhancing overall effectiveness.
Two Significant Weaknesses or Criticisms of OD 2 points
1. Time and Resource Intensive:
○ OD processes, being participatory and long-term, require significant time, effort, and resources to implement, which may not be feasible for organizations needing rapid results.
2. Ambiguity in Outcomes:
○ The emphasis on qualitative improvements and human-centric changes can make it difficult to measure success objectively, leading to challenges in evaluating the effectiveness of interventions.
What are the 3 central lines of reasoning in Senior et al.
- Open-system thinking
- contingency theory
- complexity theory
What are the 4 approaches to theorizing how major changes can be implemented?
- the clinical approach
- the linear approach
- systems approach
- emergent approach
what are the 4 elements of change capacity?
- Accelerator
- Resonance
- Leadership
- Culture
Explain the objectivist vs. the interpretive perspective.
Objectivist = culture is something an organization has - a set of values, beliefs, or behaviors that influence how the organization works. It can be measured and changed through planned actions
Interpretive = culture is something an organization is - a shared way of making sense to the world. it’s created through everyday interactions.
How do the HSMC and SSMC differ from each other?
SSMC focuses on complex, human-centered problems where goals are unclear. It uses action research, participation and dialogue.
It contrasts with HSMC which assumes clearly defined goals and linear planning.
What is structural inertia?
Refers to organizational systems and routines that resist change due to deep-rooted processes, hierarchies and structures
What is the competing values framework, and what is it used for?
It maps culture into 4 types. Vertical axis represents flexibility & change versus stability & control. The horizontal axis represents an internal, person-centered focus vs. an external organization-centered focus.
It is used to assess an organization’s culture strategy fit and ready for change
