Obsutrctive ariway diseases Flashcards
Question 8 Budesonide is a drug used in the treatment of asthma.
a. Describe the mechanism of action and pharmacological effect of Budesonide. (3p)
Budesonide works by binding to glucocorticoid receptors in the body. This binding causes a decrease in the production of inflammatory mediators such as cytokines and leukotrienes. This reduces inflammation and swelling in the affected area.
Budesonide also has an anti-proliferative effect, which means it can help prevent the growth of certain cells that can cause inflammation. It also has an immunosuppressive effect, which means it can reduce the activity of the immune system and reduce inflammation.
The pharmacological effects of Budesonide include reduced inflammation, decreased airway hyperresponsiveness, improved lung function.
Question 8 Budesonide is a drug used in the treatment of asthma.
b. How is the drug administrated (first choice)? Mention one common Type A side effect of Budesonide.
Budesonide is administered by inhalation through a nebulizer.
Type A side effects are those that are expected and usually mild. They are usually listed on the drug label and may include things like nausea, headache, dizziness, or drowsiness. These side effects are usually temporary and can be managed with lifestyle changes or over-the-counter medications.
Common side effects of budesonide include nausea, vomiting, headache, stomach pain, indigestion, gas, bloating, diarrhea, constipation, dizziness, drowsiness, dry mouth or throat, sore throat, stuffy nose, sneezing, cough, increased appetite and weight gain.
Q
Name and describe the mechanism of action for another antiinflammatory
drug that not belongs to the NSAIDS
Glucocorticoids binds to intracellular receptors, receptor ligand complex migrate to nucleus, that affect transcription of genes either up or down regulating.
Budesonide works by binding to glucocorticoid receptors in the body. This binding causes a decrease in the production of inflammatory mediators such as cytokines and leukotrienes. This reduces inflammation and swelling in the affected area.
Budesonide also has an anti-proliferative effect, which means it can help prevent the growth of certain cells that can cause inflammation. It also has an immunosuppressive effect, which means it can reduce the activity of the immune system and reduce inflammation.
Salbutamol is a drug used in the treatment of obstructive airway diseases.
a. Describe the mechanism of action and pharmacological effect of Salbutamol.
the mechanism of action of salbutamol involves binding to beta2-adrenergic receptors on airway smooth muscle cells, leading to activation of the cAMP-PKA pathway and inhibition of smooth muscle contraction. These effects contribute to the bronchodilatory and anti-inflammatory effects of salbutamol.
Activation of PKA by cAMP leads to a decrease in intracellular calcium levels, which is the main trigger for smooth muscle contraction. This occurs via two mechanisms:
Inhibition of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK): PKA phosphorylates and inhibits MLCK, which is the enzyme responsible for phosphorylating myosin light chains and initiating smooth muscle contraction. By inhibiting MLCK, salbutamol reduces the ability of smooth muscle cells to contract.
Activation of myosin light chain phosphatase (MLCP): PKA also activates MLCP, which is the enzyme responsible for dephosphorylating myosin light chains and promoting smooth muscle relaxation. By activating MLCP, salbutamol promotes smooth muscle relaxation.
Describe the mechanism of action for anticholinergic drugs used in asthma. Also, mention
how these drugs are administrated och motivate why this is the best way to administrate
the drugs.
Anticholinergic medications (shorthand: “anticholinergics”) are drugs that block and inhibit the activity of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) at both central and peripheral nervous system synapses.
Acetylcholine – released from
cholinergic neurons. In airways it causes Smooth muscle contraction
Increased mucus production. It’s inhaled. It reduces bronchocontrisction, mucus production and vascular permability and recruitmeant of eosinophils.
a. Describe the pharmacological treatment principles at allergic asthma.
The main treatmeant options for asthma is aimed to reduce inflammation using glucocorticoids and broncho dilators that target adrenergic B2 receptors in the lungs to increase blood flow and sometimes anti allergic drugs for allergic astham that targets IgE.
The anit inflammatory asthma medications are: Loratadine, budesonide. Budesonide works by binding to glucocorticoid receptors in the body. This binding causes a decrease in the production of inflammatory mediators such as cytokines and leukotrienes. This reduces inflammation and swelling in the affected area.
The broncho dialotrs astham emdications are: Salbutamol the mechanism of action of salbutamol involves binding to beta2-adrenergic receptors on airway smooth muscle cells, leading to activation of the cAMP-PKA pathway and inhibition of smooth muscle contraction. These effects contribute to the bronchodilatory and anti-inflammatory effects of salbutamol.
The medication targeting IgE is: Omalizumab
Budesonide is one drug used in the treatment of asthma.
b. Describe the mechanism of action and pharmacological effect of Budesonide.
Budesonide works by binding to glucocorticoid receptors in the body. This binding causes a decrease in the production of inflammatory mediators such as cytokines and leukotrienes. This reduces inflammation and swelling in the affected area.
Budesonide also has an anti-proliferative effect, which means it can help prevent the growth of certain cells that can cause inflammation. It also has an immunosuppressive effect, which means it can reduce the activity of the immune system and reduce inflammation.
The pharmacological effects of Budesonide include reduced inflammation, decreased airway hyperresponsiveness, improved lung function.
How is Budesonide administrated (first choice)? Mention one common Type A
side effect of Budesonide. (2p)
Budesonide comes as a powder to inhale by mouth using an inhaler. Type A adverse effect huskiness and fungus infection in mouth.
Salbutamol is a drug commonly used in the treatment of obstructive airway diseases. Which of the following molecular actions most likely mediates the positive effects of salbutamol? Motivate your answer. (4p)
a. Increased phosphorylation of myosin light chain
b. Activation of myosin light chain kinase
c. Increased formation of the Ca2+ /calmodulin complex
d. Inhibition of cAMP-dependent protein kinase
e. Increased synthesis of cAMP
the mechanism of action of salbutamol involves binding to beta2-adrenergic receptors on airway smooth muscle cells, leading to activation of the cAMP-PKA pathway and inhibition of smooth muscle contraction. These effects contribute to the bronchodilatory and anti-inflammatory effects of salbutamol.
Activation of PKA by cAMP leads to a decrease in intracellular calcium levels, which is the main trigger for smooth muscle contraction. This occurs via two mechanisms:
Inhibition of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK): PKA phosphorylates and inhibits MLCK, which is the enzyme responsible for phosphorylating myosin light chains and initiating smooth muscle contraction. By inhibiting MLCK, salbutamol reduces the ability of smooth muscle cells to contract.
Activation of myosin light chain phosphatase (MLCP): PKA also activates MLCP, which is the enzyme responsible for dephosphorylating myosin light chains and promoting smooth muscle relaxation. By activating MLCP, salbutamol promotes smooth muscle relaxation.
Describe in detail the mechanism of action for the most commonly used bronchodilating drug used in the treatment of asthma.
the mechanism of action of salbutamol involves binding to beta2-adrenergic receptors on airway smooth muscle cells, leading to activation of the cAMP-PKA pathway and inhibition of smooth muscle contraction. These effects contribute to the bronchodilatory and anti-inflammatory effects of salbutamol.
Activation of PKA by cAMP leads to a decrease in intracellular calcium levels, which is the main trigger for smooth muscle contraction. This occurs via two mechanisms:
Inhibition of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK): PKA phosphorylates and inhibits MLCK, which is the enzyme responsible for phosphorylating myosin light chains and initiating smooth muscle contraction. By inhibiting MLCK, salbutamol reduces the ability of smooth muscle cells to contract.
Activation of myosin light chain phosphatase (MLCP): PKA also activates MLCP, which is the enzyme responsible for dephosphorylating myosin light chains and promoting smooth muscle relaxation. By activating MLCP, salbutamol promotes smooth muscle relaxation.
Most drugs used in asthma are delivered by inhalation.
Describe one advantage and one disadvantage when administering the drug by inhalation.
It gives less adverse effects since it’s administrated locally and will act more local. One disadvantage is that sometimes it’s not sufficient for severe cases of airway distributive diseases.
