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PY6030 > Obstructive Sleep Apnoea (OSA) > Flashcards

Obstructive Sleep Apnoea (OSA) Flashcards

1
Q

What are examples of some things that can cause sleep deprivation?

A
  1. Electronic devices
  2. Physical/mental issues
  3. Work shifts
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2
Q

What are the 4 stages of sleep, and what occurs in each one?

A
  1. Non-REM (stage 1; N1) - light sleep
  2. Non-REM (stage 2; N2) - deeper sleep
  3. Non-REM (stage 3; N3) - deeper sleep
  4. REM - dreaming phase, a decrease in muscle tone
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3
Q

What are some things that can cause excessive daytime sleeping?

A
  1. Sleep disordered breathing
  2. Neurological disorders
  3. Rhythm disorders - work, jet lag
  4. Drug/environment related
  5. Association with other medical disorders
  6. Behavioural/psychiatric disorders
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4
Q

What are some examples of some drugs that can cause sleepiness?

A
  1. Ant-histamines
  2. B-blockers
  3. Antidepressants - SSRI’s/tricyclic
  4. Alcohol
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5
Q

What occurs during OSA?

A

Reduced airflow during sleep, preventing air from entering the lungs.
This causes disrupted sleep & excessive daytime sleeping.

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6
Q

How long should 1 cessation last for it to be called apnoea?

A

For >10seconds (must also have decreased O2 saturation + >50% decrease in tidal vol.)

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7
Q

What are the symptoms of OSA?

A
  1. Choking in sleep
  2. Nocturia
  3. Insomnia
  4. Snoring
  5. Excessive sleeping
  6. Fatigue
  7. Cognitive dysfunction
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8
Q

What scale is used to measure sleepiness, and what exactly does it assess?

A

Epworth sleepiness scale.

It assesses how likely the person is to fall asleep in certain scenarios.

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9
Q

What are some risk factors of OSA?

A
  1. Obesity
  2. Type 2 diabetes
  3. Pregnancy
  4. Asthmatics
  5. Males
  6. Stroke
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10
Q

What increases during fight or flight activation?

A

Blood pressure.

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11
Q

What is the diagnostic criteria for OSA, & how many events should occur per hour in each?

A
  1. Mild - 5-15 events/h
  2. Moderate - 15-30 events/h
  3. Severe - >30 events/h + excessive daytime sleeping
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12
Q

What are the modifiable treatment options available for OSA?

A
  1. Weight loss
  2. Smoking cessation
  3. Decrease alcohol intake
  4. Treating nasal symptoms
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13
Q

What is CPAP & what does it do to the patient?

A

CPAP: Continuous positive airway pressure
It is the gold standard therapy for treating OSA.
A mask blows air into the patients nose, & the pressure generated keeps the airways open.

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14
Q

How does a MAS (mandibular advancement splint) work, and when is it used?

A

It keeps the jaw forward & the airways open.

Used for those who do not want to use CPAP.

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15
Q

What are some examples of some surgical treatments for OSA?

A
  1. Tonsillectomy - performed for BMI <35
  2. Bariatric surgery - aid in weight loss
  3. Septoplasty
  4. Polypectomy - removing polyps from back of throat
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16
Q

What are the symptoms of narcolepsy?

A
  1. Excessive daytime sleeping
  2. Cataplexy
  3. Hallucinations
  4. Sleep paralysis
17
Q

What are the 3 different types of narcolepsy?

A
  1. With cataplexy
  2. Without cataplexy
  3. Due to a medical condition
18
Q

Which substance is depleted in people with narcolepsy?

A

They have decreased levels of hypocretin.

Hypocretin controls REM sleep from the lateral hypothalamus.

19
Q

What can be observed during an overnight sleep study (MSLT) for a patient with narcolepsy?

A

Their REM stage of sleeping starts right after they sleep.

REM stage of normal individuals starts 90mins into their sleep.

20
Q

What are some non-pharmacological treatments for narcolepsy?

A
  1. Weight loss
  2. Regular sleep/wake cycle
  3. Strategic naps
  4. Avoiding certain foods
21
Q

What are some pharmacological treatments used for narcolepsy?

A
  1. Stimulants/alerting agents - e.g. amphetamines
  2. SSRI’s/tricyclic antidepressants - for REM suppression (alleviating cataplexy symptom)
  3. Sodium oxybate - to improve sleep + symptom of cataplexy

PY6030 (23 decks)

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