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PY6030 > Hyperlipidaemia > Flashcards

Hyperlipidaemia Flashcards

1
Q

What mainly causes stable & unstable angina?

A

Reduced blood flow to the heart muscles (due to blockages/atherosclerosis)

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2
Q

What are some examples of non-modifiable risk factors for CV disease?

A
  1. Age
  2. Gender
  3. Ethnicity
  4. Family history/genetics
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3
Q

What are some examples of modifiable risk factors for CV disease?

A
  1. Smoking
  2. Cholesterol levels
  3. BP
  4. Lack of exercise
  5. Excess alcohol consumption
  6. Diabetes
  7. Weight/dietary factors
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4
Q

In which organ is cholesterol synthesised in?

A

The liver.

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5
Q

What is the simplest form of lipids?

A

Fatty acids.

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6
Q

Where are triglycerides stored?

A

In adipose tissue.

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7
Q

What are the 4 types of lipoprotein particles?

A
  1. Chylomicrons
  2. VLDL
  3. LDL
  4. HDL
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8
Q

Which type of lipoprotein particle is associated with atherosclerosis?

A

LDL deposits.

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9
Q

Which type of lipoprotein particle prevents atherosclerosis from occurring?

A

HDL.

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10
Q

What is the exogenous pathway of lipid metabolism?

A
  1. Chylomicrons are formed via dietary lipids from the small intestine
  2. It is then hydrolysed & released as free fatty acids, into adipose tissue
  3. Some also undergo further delipidation & form chylomicron remnants
  4. They are then taken up by the liver ready for the endogenous pathway
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11
Q

What is the endogenous pathway of lipid metabolism?

A
  1. Free fatty acids/cholesterol get converted to large VLDL in the liver
  2. This then enters the blood & undergoes delipidation, & converted to LDL
  3. This LDL can bind to its receptors
  4. Excess LDL can be up-taken by the liver via HDL
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12
Q

What does LDL & HDL stand for, & which is ‘good’ and ‘bad’?

A

LDL (bad): low-density lipoproteins

HDL (good): high-density lipoproteins

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13
Q

How can HDL be lowered?

A
  1. Smoking
  2. Obesity
  3. Physical inactivity
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14
Q

What is metabolic syndrome?

A

It is a cluster of conditions that occur together which increase your risk of having a CV event. Conditions include:

  1. Dyslipidaemia
  2. Hypertension
  3. Insulin resistance
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15
Q

What is the difference between primary & secondary prevention?

A

Primary: has never had an incident, but preventing a future event from occurring
Secondary: has had a previous incident, and wanting to prevent a 2nd event

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16
Q

What are the 2 classifications of hyperlipidaemia?

A
  1. Inherited

2. Secondary: e.g. hypothyroidism, alcohol, diabetes, liver/renal disease

17
Q

What is familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH)?

A

It is an inherited disease due to mutated genetics, causing high LDL deposits.

18
Q

What one symptom is very specific for FH?

A

Tendon xanthoma.

It is a collection of cholesterol under the skin, causing yellow/deformed linings.

19
Q

What is corneal arcus?

A

It is a grey area in the iris due to cholesterol build up.

20
Q

What is the Simon-Broome criteria and what 3 things are used to help in diagnosing?

A

It is used to diagnose FH. It accounts for:

  1. Total cholesterol
  2. LDL levels
  3. Family history of CVD
21
Q

What is the QRISK-3 calculator?

A

It is a system which shows your risk of having a heart attack within the next 10 years (by inputting your details)

22
Q

What is the max. number of units of alcohol recommended /week?

A

14 units

23
Q

Which drug class is the most potent for treating high cholesterol?

A

Statins.

24
Q

What is the mode of action of PCSK9 inhibitors?

A
  1. PCSK9 usually removes LDL receptors by degrading them into lysosomes
  2. By inhibiting this, more LDL can bind to its receptors & be taken up.
25
Q

What process do statins inhibit?

A

Cholesterol synthesis.

They inhibit HMG CoA reductase from converting acetyl coA to cholesterol.

26
Q

Which statin is the most potent?

A

Rosuvastatin.

PY6030 (23 decks)

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