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Jamie Respiration Pathology > Obstructive Lung Diseases > Flashcards

Obstructive Lung Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What effect do obstructive diseases have on FEV and FVC? (3)

A

FEV1 is reduced
FVC may be reduced
FEC1 is less than 70% of FVC

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2
Q

What is the general term grouping together chronic bronchitis and emphysema?

A

COPD

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3
Q

Is bronchial asthma reversible?

A

Yes - either spontaneously or medical intervention

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4
Q

What type of reaction is bronchial asthma?

A

Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction in the airways

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5
Q

What are 3 main causes of COPD?

A

Smoking
Occupation (dust related)
Atmospheric pollution

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6
Q

What is the clinical definition of chronic bronchitis?

A

Sputum producing cough in at least 3 consecutive months for 2 or more consecutive years

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7
Q

What is the pathological definition of emphysema?

A

Increase in size of airways distal to terminal bronchioles (either by dilation or wall destruction)

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8
Q

What are the 3 main forms of emphysema?

A

Centriacinar
Panacinar
Periacinar (scar)

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9
Q

What 2 changes happen in centriacinar emphysema?

A

Bronchial dilation

Alveolar tissue is lost

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10
Q

What deficiency can lead to emphysema?

A

Alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency

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11
Q

What 2 factors can be targeted for pharmacological intervention of COPD in small airways?

A

Smooth muscle tone

Inflammation

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12
Q

What are 4 abnormal states associated with hypoxaemia?

A

Ventilation/Perfusion imbalance
Diffusion impairment
Alveolar hypoventilation
Shunt

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13
Q

What effect in COPD does Ventilation/Perfusion imbalance have?

A

Airway obstruction

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14
Q

What effect in COPD does alveolar hypoventilation have?

A

Reduced respiratory drive

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15
Q

What effect in COPD does diffusion impairment have?

A

Loss of alveolar surface area

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16
Q

When does shunt in COPD have an effect?

A

Only during acute exacerbation

17
Q

What is chronic (hypoxic) cor pulmonale?

A

Hypertrophy of R ventricle causing disease that affects lung function/structure

18
Q

What is the main cause of pulmonary hypertension in hypoxic cor pulmonale?

A

Pulmonary vasoconstriction

19
Q

What are the 5 main symptoms of COPD?

A 
Breathlessness
Cough & sputum
Wheeze
Weight loss
Peripheral oedema (sign of cor pulmonale)
20
Q

What are 2 of the main signs on examination of COPD?

A 
Cyanosis
Flapping tremor (CO2 retention)
21
Q

What is the essential investigation that must be performed if COPD is suspected?

A

Spirometry

22
Q

What are 5 other useful investigations in the diagnosis of COPD?

A 
CXR
Blood gases
FBC
ECG
Sputum culture
23
Q

What are 4 treatment options for acute exacerbations of COPD?

A

Nebulised bronchodilator (Beta-2 and anti-muscarinic)
Corticosteroid
Diuretic
Antibiotic

Jamie Respiration Pathology (15 decks)

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