Obstructive Lung Diseases Flashcards
Definition: Persistent COUGH with SPUTUM production for at least 3 MONTHS in at least 2 CONSECUTIVE YEARS i the ABSENCE of any other cause
CHRONIC BRONCHITIS
Risk factors include SMOKING and Particles from DUST, GRAIN, AND SILICA
CHRONIC BRONCHITIS
Gross:
~ Hyperemia, swelling, and edema of the mucous membranes
~ EXCESSIVE mucinous or MUCOPURULENT Secretions
CHRONIC BRONCHITIS
Histology:
~ Bronchiolar wall thickening (FIBROSIS)
~ GOBLET CELL HYPERPLASIA
~ ENLARGEMENT OF MUCUS-SECRETING GLANDS of the trachea and bronchi
~ (+) BRONCHIOLITIS OBLITERANS
~ SQUAMOUS METAPLASIA AND DYSPLASIA
CHRONIC BRONCHITIS
Definition: Irreversible ENLARGEMENT of the AIRSPACES distal to the terminal bronchiole
EMPHYSEMA
Risk factors include SMOKING and ALPHA-1 ANTITRYPSIN DEFICIENCY
EMPHYSEMA
GROSS
~ VOLUMINOUS lungs
~ LARGE Alveoli on cut sections
~ Apical blebs and bullae
EMPHYSEMA
Histology
~ Abnormally LARGE Alveoli separated by thin septa with FOCAL centriacinar fibrosis
EMPHYSEMA
It is the RATIO of the THICKNESS of the mucus gland layer to the wall thickness
Reid index
Normal = 0.4
Associated with INCREASED Reid index
CHRONIC BRONCHITIS
Associated with BLUE BLOATERS
CHRONIC BRONCHITIS
Associated with PINK PUFFER and BARREL-CHEST
EMPHYSEMA
Conditioned characterized by CHRONIC airway inflammation and variable expiratory outflow obstruction
BRONCHIAL ASTHMA
Type of asthma that is IgE-mediated (TYPE 1 HYPERSENSITIVITY)
ATOPIC asthma
Not immunologically mediated;
Noxious stimuli (pollutants, infections) —> AIRWAY hyperresponsiveness
BRONCHIAL ASTHMA
Characteristic finding in STATUS ASTHMATICUS (acute severe asthma)
OCCLUSION of airways by thick mucus plugs
CURSCHMANN SPIRALS which are spiral-shaped mucus plugs are seen in what condition
BRONCHIAL ASTHMA
Derived from EOSINOPHIL-derived GALECTIN-10
Seen in Bronchial asthma
CHARCOT-LEYDEN CRYSTALS
Condition in which there is PERMANENT DILATION of BRONCHI and BRONCHIOLES due to destruction of smooth muscle and elastic tissue by inflammation associated with PERSISTENT SEVERE INFECTIONS
BRONCHIECTASIS
What are the associated conditions in BRONCHIECTASIS
~ CONGENITAL/HEREDITARY conditions that predispose to CHRONIC infections (Cystic fibrosis, Primary ciliary dyskinesia, KARTAGENER syndrome)
~ Infections
~ Bronchial obstruction
~ AUTOIMMUNE d/o (SLE, RA, IBD)
KARTAGENER syndrome is characterized by
~ Bronchiectasis
~ Infertility (Male) (secondary to sperm dysmotility)
~ Sinusitis
~ SITUS INVERSUS (d/t ciliary dysfunction)
Recurrent infections d/t impaired mucociliary clearance
***SIS B
WHAT CONDITION
Gross: (+) Mucopurulent secretions
Microscopic:
*ACUTE:
— Inflammatory EXUDATION
— DESQUAMATION of the lining
— NECROSIS
*CHRONIC:
~ FIBROSIS —> OBLITERATION of lumen of airways
Microbio:
~ H. Influenzae
~ P. Aeruginosa
(+) FOUL-SMELLING SPUTUM (d/t necrosis and bacterial growth)
(+) HEMOPTYSIS (d/t destruction of vessels in bronchial walls)
BRONCHIECTASIS
