Obstetric Patient Part 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Postpartum hemorrhage is defined as EBL greater than

A

500 mL for vaginal delivery

1000 mL for C-section

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2
Q

PPH is the result of

A
uterine atony (80%)
uterine abnormalities
placental retention 
lacerations
uterine inversion
coagulation abnormalities
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3
Q

Uterine atony is associated with

A

multiparity
prolonged oxytocin infusion
polyhydramnios
multiple gestation

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4
Q

PPH treatment includes

A

uterotonics
surgical intervention
intrauterine balloon

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5
Q

Uterotonics are used to treat PPH because

A

they stimulate uterine contractions

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6
Q

Uterotonics used to treat PPH include

A

oxytocin
methergine- 0.2 mg IM
prostaglandins (hemabate, carboprost)- 250 mcg IM or into uterus
Misoprostal- 800-1000 mcg

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7
Q

Additional postpartum hemorrhage treatments may include

A

antifibrinolytics- TXA
massive transfusion protocol- cell salvage
surgical intervention- retained placenta, nitroglycerin, hysterectomy
intrauterine balloon- tamponade

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8
Q

Preeclampsia occurs in _____ % of pregnancies

A

5-7%

incidence increased >25% in past 20 years

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9
Q

Preeclampsia is characterized by

A

systolic HTN >140 mmHg (after 20 weeks gestation)
diastolic HTN >90 mmHg (after 20 weeks gestation)
proteinuria
platelet count <100,000
impaired liver function and/or severe RUQ pain
renal insufficiency
pulmonary edema
cerebral or visual disturbances

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10
Q

Etiology of preeclampsia is

A

not well understood- failure of normal angiogenesis resulting in decreased placental perfusion

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11
Q

Preeclampsia results in

A

increased vascular tone & sensitivity to catecholamines
pronounced upper airway edema during labor
CNS effects- HA, hyperexcitability & hyperreflexia
thrombocytopenia
hepatocellular necrosis

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12
Q

Management of preeclampsia is directed at

A

avoiding uteroplacental hypoperfusion

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13
Q

Management of preeclampsia includes

A

magnesium sulfate

hypertension management- decrease intracranial hemorrhage myocardial ischemia

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14
Q

Magnesium sulfate is used to treat preeclampsia as it works to

A

reduce incidence of seizures
tocolytic
venous dilation
reduction in uterine activity

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15
Q

The only way to end disease process of preeclampsia is

A

delivery

-regional preferred to general anesthesia

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16
Q

______ is a complication of preeclampsia

A

HELLP

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17
Q

HELLP results in

A

hemolysis
elevated liver enzymes
low platelet count

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18
Q

HELLP is associated with

A

progressive and sudden deterioration in maternal & fetal condition

19
Q

Signs of HELLP include

A

hypertension
proteinuria
N/V

20
Q

Obesity leads to an increased risk for

A

hypertension
diabetes
complicated labor- fetal macrosomia, failed induction/progression, difficult or failed neuraxial techniques, prolonged procedures, infectious complications

21
Q

Abnormal placental implantation includes

A

placenta previa
placenta accreta
placenta abruption

22
Q

Placenta previa occurs when the placenta

A

implants on lower uterine segment and covers opening to the cervix

23
Q

S/S of placenta previa includes

A

painless vaginal bleeding
-hemodynamically significant blood loss
-increases risk in postpartum bleeding
Cesarean section indicated

24
Q

Placenta accreta is when the placenta

A

implants into the myometrium (normally implants into endometrium)

25
Q

Placenta increta describes growth

A

through the myometrium and into surrounding organs

26
Q

Placenta accreta is associated with

A

massive hemorrhage
-uterine artery embolization
Cesarean hysterectomy

27
Q

Placenta abruption is the

A

separation of placenta form the uterus during delivery

28
Q

Placenta abruption occurs more frequently in women with

A

hypertension & preeclampsia

29
Q

Signs of placenta abruption include

A

hemorrhage
uterine irritability
abdominal pain
fetal hypoperfusion & distress

30
Q

Open venous sinuses allows amniotic fluid to enter circulation in placenta abruption resulting in

A

increased incidence of DIC

31
Q

An amniotic fluid embolus is a

A

rare event that can occur during

  • labor, vaginal delivery, or C section
  • occasionally associated with placenta abruption
32
Q

Signs of amniotic fluid embolus include

A

anxiety, dyspnea, hypoxia, hypotension, cardiovascular collapse & coagulopathy

33
Q

Treatment of amniotic fluid embolus is

A

supportive

34
Q

Prematurity is considered to be

A

L&D before 37 weeks gestation

  • significant cause of morbidity
  • 50% of all perinatal deaths
35
Q

_____ gestation accounts for 70% of all premature births

A

34-36 weeks

36
Q

Birth weight below ______ is associated with long-term complications

A

1500 g

37
Q

Complications of low birth weight includes

A

respiratory distress syndrome
intracranial hemorrhage
hyperbilirubinemia

38
Q

1-2% of pregnant women will require

A

surgery for non-obstetric cases

39
Q

Surgery is avoided in _______ when possible

A

first trimester due to teratogenicity

40
Q

Anesthetic management considerations of the parturient for nonobstetric cases includes

A

alterations in maternal physiology
maintenance of uterine perfusion
prevention of premature labor
maternal/fetal mediation considerations

41
Q

Describe apgar scoring system.

A

8-10 normal
4-7 moderate distress or impairment
0-3 need for immediate resuscitation

42
Q

______ often results in spontaneous respiration

A

tactile stimulation

43
Q

15% of newborns require

A

resuscitation

-vast majority require assisted ventilation only