Obstetric Pathology Flashcards
What is the clinical definition of spontaneous abortion/miscarriage?
Loss of pregnancy before 20wks of gestation without outside intervention
What are 5 causes of miscarriage?
1) Endocrine factors
2) Fetal chromosomal anomalies
Uterine defects:
3) Fibroids
4) Polyps
Systemic disorders:
5) HTN
6) DM
Infections:
7) TORCH
What are 2 indications for chromosomal analysis?
1) Habitual/recurrent abortions
- spontaneous sequential loss of 3 or more pre-viable pregnancies
2) Malformed fetus
What are 5 predisposing factors of ectopic pregnancy?
1) Chronic salpingitis (gonococcal)
2) Peritubal adhesions (appendicitis)
3) Leiomyomas
4) Previous surgery
5) Benign cysts and tumours of tube
6) IUCD
What are 4 sites of ectopic pregnancies? (90% within tubes)
1) Intratubal
2) Ovarian
3) Cornual
4) Abdominal
What 4 clinical features of ectopic pregnancy?
1) Ameorrhoea 6-8 weeks
2) Abdominal pain
3) Vaginal bleeding
4) Haemorrhagic shock
What are 3 ways to diagnose an ectopic pregnancy?
1) hCG titres
2) Pelvic US
3) Endometrial biopsy
What are 2 disorders of early pregnancy?
1) Spontaneous abortion
2) Ectopic pregnancy
What are 3 disorders of late pregnancy?
1) Placental inflammations
2) Toxemias of pregnancy
3) Placental abnormalities
What is villitis?
Inflammation of the placenta most commonly due to infection
What is chorioammionitis?
Inflammation of the placental membranes most commonly due to infection
What is funisitis?
Inflammation of the umbilical cord most commonly due to infection
What are 2 ways infections spread to the placenta?
1) Ascending infections (through birth canal)
2) Hematogenous (transplacental)
- eg. TORCH
What are the TORCH infections?
T - Toxoplasmosis
O - Others (eg. Syphillis, Hep B)
R - Rubella
C - CMV
H - HSV
What are 4 consequences of antenatal infections?
1) Intrauterine growth restriction
2) Low birth weight
3) Premature delivery
4) Congenital abnormalities
5) Deafness
What are 5 causative organisms of placental infections?
STD:
1) Syphillis
2) Chlamydia
Viral:
3) Rubella
4) CMV
Bacterial:
5) Strep
6) Listeriosis
Protozoal:
7) Toxoplasmosis
What is toxaemia of pregnancy?
Systemic syndrome characterised by widespread maternal endothelial dysfunction:
1) Preeclampsia
- HTN, proteinuria, oedema
2) Eclampsia
- Convulsion
- DIVC
What are 3 complications of toxaemia of pregnancy?
1) Hypercoagulability
2) ARF
3) Pulmonary edema
Toxaemia of pregnancy EPC:
- Occurs in _____% of pregnant women
- usually in _________ trimester
- most common in which child?
Toxaemia of pregnancy EPC:
- Occurs in 5-10% of pregnant women
- usually in 3rd trimester
- most common in 1st child (primapara)
What are the critical abnormalities of preeclampsia and their pathogenesis?
Altered placentation → Organic/functional obstruction of spiral arterioles → ↓uteroplacental perfusion → ↓PGI/PGE + ↑Renin/AT2 + ↑ TXA
1) Diffuse endothelial dysfunction + vasoconstriction → HTN
2) ↑vascular permeability → proteinuria + edema
How would toxaemia of pregnancy appear in the (i) Liver (ii) Kidney and (iii) Brain?
Toxaemia → DIVC
i) Irregular, focal , subcapsular and interparenchymal haemorrhages
ii) Glomeruli show marked swelling of endothelial cells and fibrin thrombi
iii) Gross/microscopic foci of haemorrhage along with small-vessel thromboses
What are 3 features of acute toxaemia-placenta?
1) Infarcts
2) Hematomas
3) Fibrinoid necrosis of vessels
What are 3 placental abnormalities?
1) Placenta previa
2) Abruptio placentae
3) Placenta accreta
What is placenta previa?
Implantation of placenta over/near internal
- usually results in antepartum haemorrage
- necessitates delivery of placenta before fetus (usually perform cesarean section)