Observations Flashcards

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1
Q

What are behavioural categories?

A
  • Devising a set of component behaviours.
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2
Q

What is event sampling?

A
  • Counting number of times a certain behaviour (or event) occurs in a target individual or individuals.
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3
Q

What is time sampling?

A
  • Recording behaviours in a given time frame -> E.g. noting what individual is doing every 30 seconds.
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4
Q

What is controlled observation?

A
  • When the researcher has some of measure of control over the environment.
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5
Q

What are the strengths of a controlled observation?

A
  • Control over extraneous variables
  • Inter-observer reliability
  • Easy to replicate
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6
Q

What are the weaknesses of a controlled observation?

A
  • Cannot be applied to real-life settings.
  • May be subjective towards what the researcher wants to see.
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7
Q

What is a naturalistic observation?

A
  • Studying behaviour in a natural setting where everything has been left as it is normally.
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8
Q

What are the strengths of a naturalistic observation?

A
  • High external (ecological) validity.
  • Natural environment: generalised to everyday life.
  • Few demand characteristic.
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9
Q

What are the weaknesses of naturalistic observations?

A
  • Replication difficult -> lack of control.
  • Uncontrolled extraneous variables.
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10
Q

What is a covert observation?

A
  • ppts are not aware that they are being observed.
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11
Q

What are the strengths of a covert observation?

A
  • No demand characteristics.
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12
Q

What are the weaknesses of a covert observation.

A
  • Ethical issues as they do not know they are being observed.
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13
Q

What is an overt observation?

A
  • Ppts are aware that they are being observed.
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14
Q

What are the strengths of an overt observation?

A
  • Less ethical issues as they are not being deceived.
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15
Q

What are the weaknesses of an overt observation?

A
  • There may be demand characteristics as they know they are being observed.
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16
Q

What is a participant observation?

A
  • The observer acts as part of the group being watched.
17
Q

What are the strengths of participant observation?

A
  • Exp the situation
  • Insight
  • Increased validity
18
Q

What are the weaknesses of participant observation?

A
  • Lose objectivity
  • Difficulty in recording observations
  • Ethical issues
19
Q

What is non-participant observation?

A
  • The experimenter foes not become part of the group being observed.
20
Q

What are the strengths of non-participant observations?

A
  • More ethical
  • More objective
21
Q

What are the weaknesses of non-participant observation?

A
  • Less insight
  • Not exp the same things
  • lower in validity
22
Q

What are is structured observation?

A
  • Researcher determines precisely what behaviours are to be observed and uses a standardised checklist to record the frequency with which they are observed within a specific time frame.
23
Q

What is an unstructured observation?

A
  • The observer recalls all relevant behaviour but has no system.
24
Q

What is ‘inter rater’ reliability?

A
  • 2 or more interviewers / observers must get some outcome on 80% or more of the behaviours.
25
Q

How can inter rater reliability be improved?

A
  • Using secondary data -> pre-existing categories e.g. experiment an aggression of teenagers, you use conditions of precious experiments on some topic.