Observational Gait analysis Flashcards

1
Q

what is heel rocker

A

the heel acts as a fulcrum, rolls the limb forward. pre-tibial muscles decelerate foot drop, also drawing the tibia forward

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2
Q

what is ankle rocker

A

the ankle becomes the fulcrum once the forefoot strikes the ground. tibial procession is controlled by eccentric contraction of the soleus

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3
Q

forefoot rocker

A

as the heel rises, the fulcrum for tibial advancement shifts to the metatarsals heads. Progression is accelerated as body weight falls beyond the area of foot support

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4
Q

during phase 1, what is happening at the Hip, Knee, and ankle?

A
  • 20 flexion
  • 5 flexion
  • 0
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5
Q

true or false: as soon as weight is accepted by the leg, initial contact is over

A

true

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6
Q

Objectives of phase 1 is? which rocker?

A
  • heel contact to advance COM forward
  • heel rocker
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7
Q

Objectives of phase 2

A
  • shock absorption
  • controlled weight transfer to stance limb
  • preservation of progression
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8
Q

true or false: during phase 2, you’re using heel as rocker, knee flexes more for shock absorption

A

true

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9
Q

when do you have the first period of double limb support

A

loading response (phase 2)

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10
Q

name all the phases of the gait cycle

A
  • IC
  • LR
  • MS
    -TS
  • PS
    -IS
    -MS
  • TS
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11
Q

during loading response what’s happening at the hip, knee, ankle?

A
  • 20 flexion
  • 15 flexion
  • 5 flexion
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12
Q

objectives of phase 3 and which rocker is being applied?

A
  • controlled forward progression over the stationary foot
  • dynamic stability over the plantigrade foot
  • ankle rocker
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13
Q

during phase 3, what’s happening at the Hip, knee and ankle?

A
  • 0
  • 5 flexion
  • 5 DF
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14
Q

objectives of phase 4 and which rocker is being applied?

A
  • dynamic stability over the forefoot
  • controlled forward progression of the COM anterior to foot
  • forefoot rocker
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15
Q

what’s happening at the hip, ankle and knee during phase 4?

A
  • 20 hyperextension
  • 5 flexion
  • 10 DF
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16
Q

what is the 2nd terminal double limb support?

A

Pre swing

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17
Q

during phase 5, what’s happening at the hip, knee, and ankle?

A
  • 10 hyperextension
  • 40 flexion
  • 15 PF
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18
Q

Objectives of phase 5

A
  • position the limb for swing (thigh/knee flex)
  • accelerate progression
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19
Q

Objective of phase 6

A
  • thigh advances forward
  • knee flexion to achieve toe clearance
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20
Q

what’s happening at the hip, knee, and ankle during phase 6

A
  • 15 flexion
  • 60 flexion
  • 5 PF
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21
Q

during phase 7, what’s happening at the hip, knee and ankle

A
  • 25 flexion
  • 25 flexion
  • 0
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22
Q

Objectives of phase 7

A
  • thigh continues advancing
  • ankle DF to neutral for toe clearance
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23
Q

during phase 8, what’s happening at the hip, knee, and ankle?

A
  • 20 flexion
  • 5
  • 0
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24
Q

objectives of phase 8

A
  • knee extends to prepare for heel contact
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25
Q

what phase of cycle is the hip most flex and extend?

A
  • Midswing
  • Terminal stance
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26
Q

At what phase of the gait cycle is the knee most flexed

A

initial swing

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27
Q

during terminal stance what degree is the ankle DF?

28
Q

at what phase of the gait does the toes get 60 degree of MTP extension

29
Q

possible causes for toes or forefoot contact deviation during initial contact?

A
  • leg length discrepancy
  • PF contracture/spasticity
  • DF weakness
  • painful heel
  • impairments that limits ability to achieve neutral ankle
30
Q

possible causes for foot flat contact deviation at initial contact?

A
  • PF contracture
  • weak DF
  • knee flexion contracture
31
Q

possible causes for foot slap

A

weakness in dorsi flexors

32
Q

possible causes fo excess plantarflexion

A
  • PF contracture
  • spastic PF
  • intentional to avoid ankle/knee collapse if PF and vasti are weak
33
Q

possible causes fo excessive DF

A
  • inability of PF to control tibial advance
  • knee flexion or hip flexin contracture
34
Q

possible causes for early heel rise

A
  • spasticity or contracture of PF
35
Q

possible causes for no heel off

A
  • weak PF
  • weak investors (fail to lock middfot in terminal stance)
  • inadequate toe extension ROM
  • painful forefoot/toes
36
Q

possible causes for toe clawing

A
  • spasticity of toe flexors
  • excessive activation of toe flexors to compensate for weak gastric/soleus
  • PF grasp reflex
37
Q

possible causes excessive inversion or eversion deviation

A
  • excessive inversion: overactive/contracted investors; reduced activity of evertors; primitive extensor pattern
  • excessive eversion: overactiivty/contracture of evertors; reduced activity/strength of investors; primitive flexor pattern
38
Q

possible causes for drag deviation

A
  • pretrial weakness
  • PF spasticity/contracture
  • inadequate knee/hip flexion
39
Q

possible causes for excessive knee flexion

A
  • knee flexor spasticity
  • contracture that exceeds position required for given phase
  • painful or effused knee
  • hip flexion contracture
40
Q

possible causes for limited knee flexion

A
  • intentional to decrease demands on weak quads
  • quad tone
  • spasticity
  • contracture
41
Q

possible causes for hyperextension

A
  • structural abnormality
42
Q

possible causes for wobble

A

consider proprioceptive impairments or alternating spasticity of knee flexors and extensors

43
Q

excessive flexion of the hip could be due to

A

single it hip extensor weakness with compensation by hamstring
- hip and/or knee flexion contractures

44
Q

limited flexion of the hip may be due to

A
  • intentionally to limit demand on weak hip extensors during LR
  • weak hip flexors
  • hamstring spasticity
  • contracture
45
Q

possible causes for hip circumduction

A
  • compensation for weak flexors
  • inability to shorten leg for limb clearance
46
Q

possible causes for hip internal rotation

A
  • spasticity or contractures of internal rotators
  • weakness of external rotators
  • excessive forward rotation of contralateral pelvis
47
Q

possible causes for hip external rotation

A
  • spasticity or contractures of ER
  • possible tightness of PF
  • brace that is too stiff to allow DF
  • weakness of IR
48
Q

possible causes for hip abduction

A
  • contracture of glute med or ITB
49
Q

possible causes for hip adduction

A
  • hip adductor plasticity/contracture
  • excessive contralateral pelvic drop
50
Q

possible cause for backward trunk lean

A
  • purposeful to reduce demands on weak stance limb glute max or to assist with limb advancement when hip flexion capability is limited
51
Q

possible causes for forward trunk lean

A
  • compensate for quad weakness
  • forward lean reduces knee extensor moment and thus demand on vastii
  • accommodate hip or knee flexion contractures
52
Q

possible causes for ipsilateral trunk lean

A
  • occurs during reference limb stance
  • compensation for ipsilateral hip abductor weakness
  • hip joint pain
  • ITB tightness or scoliosis
53
Q

possible causes for contralateral trunk lean

A
  • assist with pelvic elevation in swing to ensure foot clean race
  • compensate for contralateral hip abductor weakness, hip joint pain, iliotibial band tightness
54
Q

possible causes for ipsilateral pelvic drop

A
  • contralateral hip abductor weakness
  • hip adductor spasticity or hip adduction contracture
55
Q

possible causes for pelvic hike

A
  • action of quadrates lumborum to assist with limb clean race when hip flexion, knee flexion and/or ankle DF are inadequate for limb clearance
56
Q

what is normal gait speed

A

1.2 m/sec to 1.4m/sec

57
Q

street crossing speed for rural

A

45 m/min (0.7m/sec)

58
Q

street crossing speed for urban

A

48 m/min (0.8 m/sec)

59
Q

street crossing speed for busy city street

A

70m/min (1.17m/sec)

60
Q

step width should range around

61
Q

6 min walk test range

A

400m to 700m

62
Q

cadence mean is

A

113 steps/minute

63
Q

velocity aver for men

A

1.37 m/sec (3mi/hr)

64
Q

velocity average for women

A

1.30 m/sec (2.9mi/hr)