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Neuromuscular > Normal Mobility > Flashcards

Normal Mobility Flashcards

1
Q

what’s a normal locomotion?

A

bipedal gait in which limbs move in a symmetrical alternating motion

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2
Q

what is velocity?

A

the average horizontal speed of the body measured over one or more strides

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3
Q

what is stride length?

A

The distance covered from one heel strike to the next heel strike by the same foot

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4
Q

what is step length

A

the distance form one foot strike to the foot strike of the other foot

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5
Q

what is cadence

A

the number of steps per unit of time (steps per minute)

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6
Q

what is normal mean velocity for young, healthy adults?

A

1.46 m/s

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7
Q

what is normal mean step length?

A

76.3 cm

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8
Q

what is normal mean cadence

A

112.5 steps/min

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9
Q

what are the differences between walking and running

A
  • 60/40 distribution of stance/swing switches to 40/60
  • double limb support time disappears
  • step length and cadence both increase
  • initial contact changes
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10
Q

what happens to stance times as velocity decreases

A
  • stance time increases
  • double limb support takes up 25% of cycle when cycle duration takes 1.1 sec and 50% when cycle duration takes 2.5 seconds
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11
Q

what happens to swing times as velocity decreases

A

the total time stays the same

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12
Q

True or false: there is no single correct method for rolling

A

true

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13
Q

what’s the purpose of momentum transfer strategy?

A

use for hemiparesis - used for lack of strength

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14
Q

what is the zero momentum strategy

A

the use for cerebellar pathology (more LE effort)

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15
Q

what is stability

A

controlling COM relative to moving BOS

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16
Q

what is progression

A

produces and coordinates rhythmic patterns of muscle activation in the legs, trunk, and arms that successfully move the body in your desired direction

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17
Q

how does stability work in stance phase?

A

vertical force to support body mass against gravity

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18
Q

how does stability apply to swing phase

A

repositioning the limb to estimate new BOS

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19
Q

how does progression apply to stance phase

A

horizontal forces move body in desired direction

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20
Q

how does progression apply to swing phase

A

advancing swing leg (aka postural control, or pattern of muscle that move you where you want to go)

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21
Q

how does alignment affect balance

A
  • determining the effort required to support the body against gravity
  • determining which movement strategies will be effective
  • influencing which muscles are recruited and how to recruit them
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22
Q

what is adaptation

A

strategy used to accomplish progression and postural control (stability) to changing tasks and environmental commands

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23
Q

how does adaptation apply to stance phase

A

accommodative change in speed and direction

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24
Q

how does adaptation apply to swing phase

A

avoiding obstacles in path

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25
Q

true or false: adaptation does not require both reactive and anticipatory balance

A

false: it does require both reactive and anticipatory balance

26
Q

stance takes up what precent of gait

A

60%

27
Q

swing takes up what percent of gait

A

40%

28
Q

what is kinematics

A

the movement of joints and body segments through space

29
Q

what kinetics

A

the forces generated ruing the step cycle (join moments)

30
Q

during stance phase muscle activation what happens to the ANKLE at IC, LR, and mid stance?

A
  • dorsiflexors eccentrically control plantarflexion
  • dorsiflexors eccentrically control plantarflexion
  • plantar flexors eccentrically control dorsiflexion
31
Q

during stance phase muscle activation what happens to the KNEE at IC, LR, and mid stance?

A
  • knee extensors concentrically extend the knee briefly
  • knee extensors first eccentrically control knee flexion
  • no activity during extension moment
32
Q

during stance phase muscle activation what happens to the HIP at IC, LR, and mid stance?

A
  • hip extensors eccentrically control hip flexion
  • hip extensors concentrically extend the hip
  • no activity during extension moment
33
Q

what two theory is happening during terminal stance and what percentage of gait cycle

A
  • active push off theory
  • controlled roll off theory
  • 31%- 50%
34
Q

what is active push off theory?

A

propulsion is generated by plantar flexors; hip and knee extensors control head, arms, trunk during push-off

35
Q

what is controlled roll off theory ?

A

forward velocity is generated by roll off (controlled falling) rather than push off

36
Q

What happens to the ANKLE during terminal stance and pre swing?

A
  • plantar flexors concentrically plantar flex propelling the body forward
  • plantar flexors passively recoil
37
Q

what happens to the KNEE during terminal stance and pre swing?

A
  • no activity to end extensor moment
  • rectus femoris (knee extensor) eccentrically decelerates knee flexion
38
Q

what happens to the HIP during terminal stance and pre swing?

A
  • hip flexors passively resist hip extension
  • adductor lung (hip flexor) concentrically initiates hip flexion
39
Q

what precent of gait cycle is pre swing?

A

50%-62%

40
Q

adaptation requires both?

A

reactive balance and anticipatory balance

41
Q

muscle réponse patterns are activated from _________ to ________ when balance is threatening during walking

A

distal to proximal

42
Q

what two ways are arm movements used to recover balance during gait?

A
  • used to counteract COM displacement
  • used in a protective role for school absorption
43
Q

when is elevating strategy use? and what does it increase?

A
  • used when a trip occurs early in swing phase
  • increase hip, knee, and ankle flexion after obstacle contact
44
Q

when does lower strategy use? what happens?

A
  • when a trip occurs late in swing phase
  • early plantarflexion and shortened step length
45
Q

anticipatory (proactive) balance strategies modify and adapt in two ways?

A
  • prediction
  • visually activated strategies
46
Q

purpose of prediction for anticipatory balance?

A

used to minimize destabilizing forces as a result of experience

47
Q

what is the purpose of visually activated strategies?

A
  • used to modify gait in response to environmental threats to stability
  • usually carried out within 1 step cycle (may be more if turning)
48
Q

What happens to stance duration, loading speed, stride length, and heel strike velocity when individuals anticipate walking on a slippery surface? increase or decrease

A

decrease

49
Q

what happens to joint motion, muscle cavity and step length when cadence decreases while individuals are walking uphill? increase or decrease

A

increase
- step length decreases and cadence increases going down hill

50
Q

what is cognition

A

the amount of cognitive resources required varies depending on the difficulty of the cognitive task

51
Q

true or false: young adults reaction times are faster in sitting and slower while standing or walking

A

true

52
Q

true or false: reaction times are faster in the single support phase as compared with the double support phase of the step cycle

A

false: reaction times are slower

53
Q

dual task performance during obstacle crossing?

A
  • obstacle contact increases when attention is divided
  • young adults prioritize gait and obstacle crossing over verbal response time
  • cell phone use takes priority over gait stability
54
Q

importance of somatosensory for sensation

A
  • contribute to appropriate stepping frequency
  • joint receptors and muscle spindle afferents contribute to onset of swing phase
  • Golgi tendon organ afferents contribute to gait adaptation to changing terrains
  • cutaneous information
  • changes in reflex amplitude
  • interlimb coordination
55
Q

the importance of vision for sensation?

A
  • visual flow helps us determine our gait velocity
  • visual flow helps us align our body with the environment
  • peripheral vision controls legs when we are crossing obstacles
  • provides topographical information
    -provides metric information
56
Q

the importance of vestibular for sensation

A

detects angle and momentum of the head

57
Q

What happens during ascent of stance phase for weight acceptance, pul-up, and forward continuance?

A
  • initiated at middle to front portion of the foot
  • facilitated by knee and ankle extensors (vests laterals and soleus)
  • ankle generates forward and lift forces (not main source of propulsive force)
58
Q

what happens during ascent of swing phase for foot clearance and foot placement?

A
  • achieved through tibialis anterior and hamstring activation
  • controlled by hip extensors and ankle dorsiflexors
59
Q

what happens during descent of stance phase for weight acceptance, forward continuance, and controlled lowering?

A
  • absorption of energy at the ankle and knee (eccentric contraction of the gastric/soleus, rectus femurs, and vests laterals)
  • eccentric hip extension by hip flexors
  • eccentric contraction of the quadriceps and soleus
60
Q

what happens during descent of swing phase for leg pull through and foot placement?

A
  • early activation of the hip flexors
  • by mid swing, hip, knee and ankle extensors prepare for foot placement - tibia’s anterior and gastric activate to ensure contact is made on the lateral border of the foot
61
Q

what going on with adaptation during descent?

A
  • good visual information about stair height is critical
  • with reduced visual input, individuals slow down, increase foot clearance, and place their feet further back on each step to increase safety

Neuromuscular (3 decks)

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