Objectives 14-16

Question 1

how many notifiable diseases were reported in 2016?

Answer 1

16,305

Question 2

what are 7 common notifiable disease in NZ?

Answer 2

• rheumatic fever
• TB
• meningococcal
• food borne diseases
• MRSA
• HIV/AIDS
• STIs

Question 3

how many reported cases of rheumatic fever are reported each year?

Answer 3

100-200

Question 4

what can rheumatic fever lead to if untreated?

Answer 4

rheumatic heart disease - responsible for about 120 deaths per year

Question 5

what populations are more vulnerable to rheumatic fever?

Answer 5

Maori and pacific islanders - correlates with deprivation index

Question 6

what bacteria causes rheumatic fever?

Answer 6

streptococcus pyogenes

Question 7

what are the symptoms and possible effects of rheumatic fever?

Answer 7

• sore throat

- can cause auto-immune response that damages cardiac antigens –> rheumatic heart disease

Question 8

what are the best ways to prevent rheumatic fever?

Answer 8

• reduce over crowding in housing
• early recognition of strep throat
• controlled by antibiotics

Question 9

How many deaths were caused by TB worldwide in the final decade of the 20th C?

Answer 9

30 million

Question 10

what bacteria causes TB?

Answer 10

Myobacterium tuberculosis

Question 11

what organ does TB typically infect?

Answer 11

lungs

Question 12

what are the key risk factors to the spread of TB?

Answer 12

• overcrowding
• deprivation
• migration from high incidence countries

Question 13

how is TB spread?

Answer 13

airborne particles

Question 14

how is TB treated?

Answer 14

antibiotics

- many new strains are multiple-drug resistant

Question 15

what bacteria causes meningococcal disease?

Answer 15

neisseria meningitidis

Question 16

how is meningococcal disease caused?

Answer 16

• neisseria is part of normal flora of resp tract

- invasion of internal environment –> meningitis and septicemia

Question 17

what epidemic lead to the routine vaccination against meningococcal disease?

Answer 17

1991 group B meningococcal outbreak

Question 18

when did the first meningococcal vaccination programme start?

Answer 18

July 2004 for those aged 6 months - 19 years in Auckland

Question 19

how many cases of food borne disease are reported in NZ each year?

Answer 19

• 300,000

- 17,000 of which are gastroenteritis

Question 20

What bacteria most commonly cause food borne disease?

Answer 20

• Campylobacteria
• Salmonella
• Shigella
• Yersinia
• toxigenic E.coli

Question 21

what protozoa cause food borne disease?

Answer 21

• cryptosporidia

- giardia

Question 22

what viruses cause food borne disease

Answer 22

• enterovirus

- norovirus

Question 23

what act was passed to try and improve food safety levels of production and ocnsumption?

Answer 23

Food Amendment Act 1996

Question 24

what does MRSA stand for?

Answer 24

Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus

Question 25

when was MRSA frist isolated in NZ

Answer 25

1975

Question 26

what is multi resistant MRSA (mMRSA)

Answer 26

staphylococcus aureus strains that are resistant to two or more classes of antibiotic in addition to the beta lactams (penicillins)

Question 27

what percentage of adults are colonised with s. aureus?

Answer 27

approx 30%

Question 28

who is more susceptible to being colonised with s. aureus?

Answer 28

- diabetics - injecting drug users - hemodialysis pts - people with dermatological conditions - pts with prolonged hospital stays

Question 29

what is s, aureus?

Answer 29

- it is a potentially pathogenic bacteria that inhabits the skin of mucous membranes - can become invasive and cause disease - those already colonised are at greater risk of infection

Question 30

what conditions can arise from s. aureus infection?

Answer 30

- skin abscesses - post op wound infections - septicaemia - pneumonia

Question 31

when s. aureus produces toxins what conditions can arise?

Answer 31

- septic shock - gastroenteritis - toxic shock syndrome - scalded skin syndrome

Question 32

Is HIV a notifiable disease?

Answer 32

No

Question 33

is AIDS a notifiable disease?

Answer 33

yes

Question 34

are STIs notifiable diseases?

Answer 34

No - surveillance is based on data from sexual health clinics etc

Question 35

what is the most commonly reported STI in NZ (2015)

Answer 35

Chlamydia

Question 36

what country is syphilis most commonly reported in?

Answer 36

NZ

Question 37

what is the cause of hydatid disease?

Answer 37

caused by the parasitci tapeworm Echinococcius granulosus found in the intestine of dogs

Question 38

when did the hydatid control programme begin?

Answer 38

1959 - it still remains notifiable but mandatory dosing of dogs has stopped

Question 39

when were the last cases of hydatid disease reported?

Answer 39

two in 2016

Question 40

what is covered in the most recent NZ immunisation schedule?

Answer 40

``` - Influenza Tetanus/diphtheria/pertussis - Rotavirus - Pneumococcal - Polio - Hep B - Heamophilus influenzae type b - MMR - Varicella - HPV (human papillomavirus) - Zoster (shingles) ```

Question 41

when was the immunisation schedule last updated?

Answer 41

2020

Question 42

what is the purpose of the immunisation schedule

Answer 42

- assist immunisation coverage and disease prevention | - reviewed every 2 years and may change as new, safer and more effective vaccines become available

Question 43

when was the notifiable disease schedule last updated?

Answer 43

2017

Question 44

what is the purpose of the notifiable diseases schedule?

Answer 44

The purpose of making certain infectious diseases notifiable is to allow timely and appropriate responses to threats to public health