Objectives 14-16 Flashcards
how many notifiable diseases were reported in 2016?
16,305
what are 7 common notifiable disease in NZ?
- rheumatic fever
- TB
- meningococcal
- food borne diseases
- MRSA
- HIV/AIDS
- STIs
how many reported cases of rheumatic fever are reported each year?
100-200
what can rheumatic fever lead to if untreated?
rheumatic heart disease - responsible for about 120 deaths per year
what populations are more vulnerable to rheumatic fever?
Maori and pacific islanders - correlates with deprivation index
what bacteria causes rheumatic fever?
streptococcus pyogenes
what are the symptoms and possible effects of rheumatic fever?
- sore throat
- can cause auto-immune response that damages cardiac antigens –> rheumatic heart disease
what are the best ways to prevent rheumatic fever?
- reduce over crowding in housing
- early recognition of strep throat
- controlled by antibiotics
How many deaths were caused by TB worldwide in the final decade of the 20th C?
30 million
what bacteria causes TB?
Myobacterium tuberculosis
what organ does TB typically infect?
lungs
what are the key risk factors to the spread of TB?
- overcrowding
- deprivation
- migration from high incidence countries
how is TB spread?
airborne particles
how is TB treated?
antibiotics
- many new strains are multiple-drug resistant
what bacteria causes meningococcal disease?
neisseria meningitidis
how is meningococcal disease caused?
- neisseria is part of normal flora of resp tract
- invasion of internal environment –> meningitis and septicemia
what epidemic lead to the routine vaccination against meningococcal disease?
1991 group B meningococcal outbreak
when did the first meningococcal vaccination programme start?
July 2004 for those aged 6 months - 19 years in Auckland
how many cases of food borne disease are reported in NZ each year?
- 300,000
- 17,000 of which are gastroenteritis
What bacteria most commonly cause food borne disease?
- Campylobacteria
- Salmonella
- Shigella
- Yersinia
- toxigenic E.coli
what protozoa cause food borne disease?
- cryptosporidia
- giardia
what viruses cause food borne disease
- enterovirus
- norovirus
what act was passed to try and improve food safety levels of production and ocnsumption?
Food Amendment Act 1996
what does MRSA stand for?
Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus
when was MRSA frist isolated in NZ
1975
what is multi resistant MRSA (mMRSA)
staphylococcus aureus strains that are resistant to two or more classes of antibiotic in addition to the beta lactams (penicillins)
what percentage of adults are colonised with s. aureus?
approx 30%
who is more susceptible to being colonised with s. aureus?
- diabetics
- injecting drug users
- hemodialysis pts
- people with dermatological conditions
- pts with prolonged hospital stays
what is s, aureus?
- it is a potentially pathogenic bacteria that inhabits the skin of mucous membranes
- can become invasive and cause disease
- those already colonised are at greater risk of infection
what conditions can arise from s. aureus infection?
- skin abscesses
- post op wound infections
- septicaemia
- pneumonia
when s. aureus produces toxins what conditions can arise?
- septic shock
- gastroenteritis
- toxic shock syndrome
- scalded skin syndrome
Is HIV a notifiable disease?
No
is AIDS a notifiable disease?
yes
are STIs notifiable diseases?
No - surveillance is based on data from sexual health clinics etc
what is the most commonly reported STI in NZ (2015)
Chlamydia
what country is syphilis most commonly reported in?
NZ
what is the cause of hydatid disease?
caused by the parasitci tapeworm Echinococcius granulosus found in the intestine of dogs
when did the hydatid control programme begin?
1959 - it still remains notifiable but mandatory dosing of dogs has stopped
when were the last cases of hydatid disease reported?
two in 2016
what is covered in the most recent NZ immunisation schedule?
- Influenza Tetanus/diphtheria/pertussis - Rotavirus - Pneumococcal - Polio - Hep B - Heamophilus influenzae type b - MMR - Varicella - HPV (human papillomavirus) - Zoster (shingles)
when was the immunisation schedule last updated?
2020
what is the purpose of the immunisation schedule
- assist immunisation coverage and disease prevention
- reviewed every 2 years and may change as new, safer and more effective vaccines become available
when was the notifiable disease schedule last updated?
2017
what is the purpose of the notifiable diseases schedule?
The purpose of making certain infectious diseases notifiable is to allow timely and appropriate responses to threats to public health
