Objectives #1 Flashcards
Define Haemotology
The study of blood
Define Serology
The study of serum(plasma)
Define Forensic Serology
The study of serum, blood cells, saliva and semen
Divide blood into its two main cellular components.
White blood cells & Red blood cells
Cells with a nucelus are called what
White blood cells
White blood cells are also called what
Leukoctyes
What do white blood cells do
They are the body’s immune response
- have mitochondria
What do white blood cells contain
Both nuclear DNA & mitochondrial DNA
Cells without a nucleus are called what
Red blood cells or Erythrocytes
What do red boood cells contain
Contains haemoglobin(the molecule that gives blood its color)
- transports O2 to cells & CO2 away from cells
- no nucleus so more haemaglobin can fit throug
What is the life expectancy for a red blood cell
About 120 days
State the main functions & movement of Platelets.
They have the ability to move-amoeba- like
They are responsible for blood clotting & vessel maintenance
Identify the proteins found on cell membranes that identify “self” and “foreign” cells.
Antigens
All body cells have proteins on membrane called
Antigens
Anitigens interact with proteins called
Antibodies
Antibodies determine what
Whether or not to destroy cell
- “self”= okay
- “foreign”= destroy
Identify which type of heredity Human Blood Types are an example of.
Multiple allele trait
What does multiple allele trait mean
More than 2 alleles controlling a trait
How many antigens are used for human blood
3
What system is used for human blood
ABO system
What are the possible outcomes for humans RBC’s?
A, B, AB, and O
What antigen and anitibody are found in blood type A
Antigen: A
Antibody: Anti-B
What antigen and anitibody are found in blood type B
Antigen: B
Antibody: Anti A
What antigen and anitibody are found in blood type AB
Antigen: A & B
Antibody: neither A or B
What antigen and anitibody are found in blood type O
Antigen: Neirhee A or B
Antibody: Both anti A and anti B
Define Agglutination.
When the red blood cells clump together
Identify two qualities of Agglutination that make useful for forensics tests.
Aggulation occurs quickly and can be observed under a microscope
Explain the cause of Agglutination.
Caused by antibodies interacting with antigens
- antibodies provide connection between antigens
- Type B blood with agglutinate when antibody B is present
You donate what when you give blood
Antigens not antibodies
Identify the seven other Antigens used in Blood Typing.
Rhesus factor, Duffy, Diego, Kidd, kell, MNS, and Hh
Explain the origin of the Rhesus factor.
Named after rhesus monkeys - where is was discovered
List the two possible antigens for the Rh factor.
Rh(+)- has antigen
Rh(-)- doesn’t have antigen
Explain what happens if the wrong Rh group is transfused.
It can cause aggulation if it is not matched
Define Probability Math (Pm).
Chances of 2 unrelated individuals having the same profile
State the mathematical probability of two individuals having the same 8 antigens.
1:100 & 1:1000
State the difference in Pm between blood type and DNA.
Pm: 1:100 or 1:1000
But it is not as accurate as DNA which is
1:10,000,000,000
Not used to determine guilty
State whether or not Blood Typing is an accurate test for determining identity.
No it is not
Identify and explain the six limitations to blood typing.
1) need a relatively large sample
2) serological markers degrade quickly
- several days old= reduced results
3) enzymes from bacteria can contaminate and affect results
4) hard to separate different blood samples
5) blood transfusions cause false results
6) difficult to get a sample from a suspect
Identify two specific organelles that the Leukocytes possess
Nucleus and Mitochondria
