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Serology Objectives > #3 > Flashcards

#3 Flashcards

1
Q

Identify the average volume of blood found in an adult human.

A

~5 liters of blood

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2
Q

Describe what happens when 30% of an adult’s blood volume is lost.

A

Unconscious

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3
Q

Describe what happens when 40% of an adult’s blood volume is lost.

A

Death

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4
Q

Explain why examination of only external blood may not be the most accurate measure of blood
loss.

A

You can also have blood loss internally

You have to use the possibility of internally and externally too.

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5
Q

Differentiate the color of arterial and venous blood.

A

Arterial blood is brighter (more O2) than Venus blood

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6
Q

Explain why after about 3 minutes you can’t distinguish blood’s origin.

A

Blood darkens and starts to clot in 3 minutes therefore you can’t tell it is arterial or venous

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7
Q

List the three main categories of bloodstain patterns.

A

Passive Stains
Spatter Stains
Altered Stains

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8
Q

List the four types of Passive Stains.

A

Drops
Flows
Transfers
Large volume

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9
Q

Drops are caused by

A

Gravity

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10
Q

Height affects the

A

Pattern

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11
Q

From a short distance , the drops are

A

More uniform

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12
Q

From a greater height , the drops are

A

More sunburst pattern

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13
Q

If the drops land on wet blood,

A

Satellite pattern

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14
Q

The surface affects the what as well

A

Pattern

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15
Q

Drops may provide a

A

Direction of movement

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16
Q

Flows are a different form what

A

They are still passive Stains and they form small streams (rivers), creaks of blood

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17
Q

Forms are used to

A

Determine orientation of body at time of attack

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18
Q

If your standing, how will the flow be

A

Blood will flow straight down

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19
Q

If your laying down, how will the flow be

A

Blood will veer to the side angled towards the floor

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20
Q

If the body is moved, how will the flow be

A

Multiple flow paths may be seen

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21
Q

Clothing may affect/change

A

Flow patterns

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22
Q

Transfers are

A

Wet blood transferred to an object

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23
Q

Examples of transfers

A

Bloody hands leaving prints on door

Blood on shoes leaves trail

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24
Q

What are large volume

A

Pool of blood under victim

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25
Q

What diseases cause victims to cough or vomit large amounts of blood

A

Tuberculosis(TB)

Ebola

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26
Q

List the three causes of Spatter Stains.

A

Secondary mechanisms
Impact mechanisms
Projection mechanisms

27
Q

Spatter Stains are based by

A

Cause

28
Q

Secondary mechanisms

A

Spatter secondary to cause of initial wound

Ex: blood drips on wet blood

29
Q

What are impact wounds

A

Wounds caused by some sort of impact

Ex: gunshot. Blunt/Sharp object, industrial tools

30
Q

All mechanisms cause similar pattern

A
31
Q

Gunshots are caused by what

A

High pressure air

32
Q

Gunshots often produce

A

Back spatter (towards firearm) & forward spatter (in direction of projectile)

May include fragements of flesh & bone

33
Q

Suicide victims might have

A

Blood spatter & gunshot residue on hand/arm/clothing

An homicide victim will not

34
Q

Back spatter does not always happen so

A

It is not consistent

35
Q

As speed of impact increases,

A

Droplet size decreases

It can be as small as 1mm or less in diameter

36
Q

Understand that spatter is not uniform, and therefore not a definitive forensics test.

A

^^

37
Q

Explain why prolonged beatings produce more blood than brief beatings.

A

Prolonged beatings open wounds larger which makes more volume of blood spatter

38
Q

Faster impacts produce

A

Smaller drops

39
Q

What is produced where objects, or people, are Located during a beating

A

Voids

40
Q

List the three types of Projection Mechanisms.

A

Spurt pattern
Coughing and sneezing
Cast off Stains

41
Q

Spurt patters are arteries that have

A

Hugh pressure (from force of heart contraction)

42
Q

Arteries continue to spurt as

A

The hearts beats

43
Q

Artieries follow a characteristic pattern called a

A

Arterial spurt stain

44
Q

Spurt patter is also veins which have

A

Low pressure

45
Q

Veins flow

A

Downhill and does not spurt

46
Q

Varicose veins do have

A

Greater pressure

47
Q

Varicose veins are caused

A

When valves stop working and blood pools in dependent areas p(legs)

The pattern will be on the floor or lower veritical surface

48
Q

Coughing and sneezing creates

A

A stream of fast moving air

Contains small droplets and aerosal of microscope droplets <100um in diamtee

49
Q

Wounds to chest, mouth or nose results in

A

blood droplets of similar size
Drops >100um don’t travel far
Drops <100um can remain airborne for Long periods and travel far

50
Q

Stains that contain mucous will

A

Help identify origin

51
Q

Small droplets may form when

A

Breathing into a pool of blood

52
Q

Cast off Stains are formed when

A

Thrown from weapon or limb as it moves

Ex: knife being pulled out will produce spatter

53
Q

Axes and heaving objects are usually wielded downward, so

A

Spatter is in ceiling

54
Q

Weapons with lots of blood leave Stains from

A

Upward and downward stroke

In cast of stain

55
Q

Stains in arc are more circular above assilants head and more elliptical and longer at ends of strokes

A

^^ in cast off Stains

56
Q

Altered stains are

A

Any change to initial blood stain

57
Q

What causes altered stains

A 
Blood falls on other blood
Body falls in blood stain
Diffuses through clothing 
Trying to clean it up 
Insect movement 
Body movement
58
Q

Altered stains will make the Clots will

A

Be in drag pattern if body is moved hrs after death

- no clots - Body moved soon after death

59
Q

Smears & smudges are from

A

Trying to clean up blood and from moving a bleeding body

60
Q

A smear indicated

A

Direction of movement
Begins as a series of drops
Becomes ragged along own edge -showing direction

61
Q

Define Toxicology.

A

Chemicals in the blood

62
Q

Toxicological analysis of blood

A

Testing for chemicals in the blood

63
Q

What are the variables for toxicological analysis of blood

A

1) Blood settles to dependent regions.
- drugs redistribute and concentrations may change
- no census on how many regions to test
2) all drugs behave differently
3) environmental & PMI affect results
4) drugs users build up a tolerances for drug concentration will be greater, but investigators doesn’t know tolerance
5) microbial fermentation forms ethanol; false positive for alcohol intake prior to death

Serology Objectives (3 decks)

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