Objective 4

Question 1

2 Biological Theories of aging

Answer 1

1 Stochastic

2 Nonstochastic

Question 2

Stochastic (Error) Theory

Answer 2

Errors occur overtime in the synthesis of DNA & RNA

Too many errors and the cell can’t function

Question 3

Nonstochastic Theory (Programmed Theory of Aging)

Answer 3

each cell has a natural life expectancy

programmed with set number of replications, then dies.

Question 4

Neuroendocrine-Immunological Theory

Answer 4

Immune function declines with age

Immunse system can’t recoignize itself and becomes at rish for autoimmune diseases

Question 5

3 skin layers

Answer 5

epidermis (outer layer)

dermis (mid supportive later, connective tissue)

hypodermis (inner fat, blood vessels and nerves)

Question 6

4 Integumentary age changes

Answer 6

skin thins and loses elasticity

skin becomes lighter

nails become hard and brittle

environment contributes

Question 7

Senile purpura

Answer 7

purple spots on skin

Question 8

xerosis

Answer 8

dry skin

Question 9

pruritus

Answer 9

itchy skin

Question 10

lentigines

Answer 10

liver or age spots

Question 11

seborrheic keratoses

Answer 11

brown raised lesions with a ‘stick on’ appearance

Question 12

3 Integumentaty changes

Answer 12

absorptions of topical lotions affected

rish of skin infections

higher rish of skin cancer

Question 13

3 Musculoskeletal Changes

Answer 13

changes in posture due to less bone mineral density

muscle wasting

water loss in vertebral disks

Question 14

kyphosis

Answer 14

stooped appearance due to disk shrinkage

Question 15

osteoporosis

Answer 15

rapid bone density loss

Question 16

4 Cardiovascular changes (Presbycardia)

Answer 16

Stiff and thick vessels, lining and heart valves

descreased output

increase in blood pressure

slow to accelerate and return to normal

Question 17

5 Respiratory changes

Answer 17

stiffening of trachea and rib cage

reduced gas exchange efficiency

cilia decrease

can’t respond to lower oxygen levels

most are enviornmental and lifestyle

Question 18

3 Renal/Urinary changes

Answer 18

kidnes lose function

urince creatine declines

GFR decreases

Question 19

GFR

Answer 19

Glomerular filtration rate

metabolism of waste and drugs

Question 20

5 Digestive changes

Answer 20

peristalsis

stomach: more acid, slower to empty, shrinks

Ulcers and GERD

less absorption of vits and mins

constipation

Question 21

Peristalsis

Answer 21

Esophagus contractions not rhythmic leading to sluggish food movment to stomach

Question 22

7 Neurological changes

Answer 22

Changes are not normal

Dendrites wear out and reduce in number

brain size and weight decreases

nueotransmitter levels decrease

memory impairment

difficult with balance

delayed nerve ending reactions in skin

Question 23

Dendrites

Answer 23

Connecting portion of nerve cells

Question 24

Proprioception

Answer 24

the awareness of body position (affecting balance)

Question 25

Immune System Changes

Answer 25

Less infection fighting ability

vulnerable to pathogens through skin

reduced cilia in lungs (pneumonia risk)

less T cell function

less foreign antigen response

alter immune response

s/s of infections altered