Objective 1 Flashcards
4 branches of anatomy
Gross micro developmental systemic comparative
Gross Anatomy Def: ex: can be seen during? what type features?
Study of large easily seen structures of organism. ex: dissection external features(shapes/divisions)
Microscopic Anatomy
Def:
2 types of microscopes?
2 branches?
use of microscopes to help see small details of organ parts.
- ultrawave/ electron microscopes
- Cytology, Histology
Histology?
tissues, organs, of entire body.
Cytology?
structure, functions, growth of cells from different parts of body.
Developmental Anatomy
EX:
growth of organism.
ex: Embryology(egg->birth)
Comparative Anatomy
Evolution is an ex why?
Humans vs. animals
Anatomicalsimilarities between organisms -> organisms evolved from a common ancestor.
Systematic Anatomy
structure of organs/parts that make an organ system
3 Examples Systemic Anatomy.
“3 systems and what parts it has in it”
- Derm: skin, hair, nails = integumentary system
- Endocrinology: Hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, pineal body, ovaries, testes = endocrine/hormonal system
- Neurology: brainandspinal = Nervous system.
Anterior/Ventral
def:
ex: (2)
def: front, in front of
ex:
1. Knees -> anterior surface of body.
2. Ventral hernia may protrude from front abdomen.
Posterior/Dorsal?
ex:
back, in back of
ex: shoulder blades= posterior surface of body
Cephalic
head end of body, skull
Caudal:
full length of?
tail end of body, full length of the spine and coccyx.
Superior
above
Inferior
below
2 anatomical words that describe towards and away from MIDLINE
Medial; towards midline
Later: away from midline, towards the sides.
2 anatomical words that describe towards/away from point of attachment?
Proximal: towards attachment
Distal: away from attachment
Superficial/external
ON, NEAR, outer surface
Deep/internal
IN, deep inside
Sagittal
divides left and right sides
Midsagittal
whole body cut from skull in R/L pieces
Coronal/frontal Plane
horizontally; anterior/posterior cut
Transverse:
horizontally, superior/inferior
Dorsal cavity consists of:
cranial cavity and spinal cavity
Ventral cavity consists of:
The Diaphragm which has 2 sections
- thoracic cavity
- Abdominopelvic cavity
Dorsal Cavity:
- Cranial cavity=?
- its sections?
Brain sections: 1.Orbital Cavity - eye, eyeball muscle, optic nerve, lacrimal. 2. Nasal Cavity 3. Oral/buccal Cavities - teeth, tongue
Ventral Cavity:
- Thoracic Cavity
- aka
- location?
- Organs included?
- special cuz ___organ has its own?
- Aka: mediastinum
- Location: between lungs, sternum, vertebrae of bk.
- esophagus, trachea, thymus gland, bronchi, heart
- heart own cavity; pericardium cavity.
Lungs are covered with?
pleura
Ventral Cavity: 2. Abdominopelvic Cavity= -NO? abdomin: -Define organs
Pelvic:
- define organs
-NO seperations
- Abdominal=SSSLLGPA
Stomach, Spleen, S.intestine,
part L.intestine, Gallbladder, Pancreas, Appendix.
-Pelvic= urinary bladder, repro sys, rectum, rest of L.intestin
9 surface anatomy regions
R.hypochondria, Epigastric, L.hypo
R.Lumbar…Umbillical..L.Lumbar
R.Illiac…Hypopgastric…L.Illiac
4 quads of abdomen?
RUQ….LUQ
RLQ…..LLQ
RUQ
organs (8)
Gallbladder Liver R.kidney R.Adrenal gland Stomach S.Intestine Transverse colon Pancreas "Glrr-sstp" Gally Lived Round Kind RoomAtes Such Small Town is Panful
LUQ organs (7)
Spleen
______
L. kidney
L. Adrenal gland
Stomach
s.intestine
transverse colon
pancreas
RLQ Organs (5)
ACLRR appendix cecum L.intestine R. ureter R. Repro -ovary,f.tubes,spermatic cord
LLQ (5) organs
SSLLL s.intestine Sigmold Colon L. intestine L. ureter L. Repro -ovary, f.tubes, spermatic cord.
Explain how a biological control system maintains homeostasis.
1.
2.
- Homeostasis- essential for survival, Regulates internal environment.
- interconnected components that maintain a physical or chemical variable at a near constant value
Identify the receptor, control center, and effector components of specific biological control systems.?
Receptor/Sensor=
Detects changes in variable (little much, little less)
Control Center= Assesses
input/begins response
Effector= Changes internal environment to normal (neg feedback)
Negative feedback
3 ways to define it
Reverse disturbance being caused in body.
Homeostasis BFF
Most control systems
Describe neg feedback mech; on a hot summer day
- Hypothalamus signals organs to sweat
- Sweat released on skin”cooling process”
- Evaporates off skin “cooling mech”
- Blood vessels dilate
allowing blood near skin - we cool off.
Describe neg feedback mech; on a cold day
- hypothalamus signals to muscles to shiver
- muscle activy increase= temp increases
- blood vessels constrict, holding on to body heat
- we warm up a little.
Describe neg feedback mech; extracellular has increase CO2
- chemoreceptors triggered
- resp control gland gets info
- resp muscles activate
- breathing increases
- CO2 reduced.
Pos feedback mechanism =
increasing original stimulus
Pos feedback mech; childbirth example
- mechanoreceptors in cervix stimulated
- message sent to brain
- Oxytocin from post. pituitary gland releases.
- Increase in uterine contractions
- Contractions until childbirth
