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A&P chp 1 > chp 2 > Flashcards

chp 2 Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Differentiate between and give examples of matter and energy.
    Matter is?
    Energy?
    4 types of energy?
A

matter - is solid liq, gas, can not be created or destroyed, but can change its form.
Energy - puts matter into motion, doing something.
1. Potential
2. kinetic
3. Thermal
4. Chemical

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2
Q

Potential energy-
is?
ex?

A

which is energy waiting to be released.

EX: waiting in bed.

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3
Q

Kinetic-
is?
ex?

A

which is energy in motion.

EX: getting out of bed.

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4
Q

Thermal
is
ex?

A

energy contained within a system that is responsible for its temperature.
ex. Skin w. cold/heat

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5
Q

1 st law of thermodynamics?
is
ex?

A

energy can not be created or destroyed,

ex: transferred from one form to another. Food -> ATP-> k.energy->Skeletal Muscle

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6
Q

Chemical energy-
is?
ex?

A

Either energy released(exothermic) or energy stored
(endothermic).

ex: Food digested, food molecule broken down, binding with acids/enzymes, turns carbos into glucose, energy released/stored.

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7
Q

Second Law Thermodynamic?
is?
ex?

A

in any energy conversion, energy is wasted as heat (entropy increases)

ex: 70-80% of energy expended during exercise is released as heat

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8
Q

Atom:

  1. consists of
  2. charge is?
  3. ___ of atom is made w. ____&___
  4. what are located outside of an atom.
A
  1. smallest
  2. consists of charges: protons, electrons, neutrons.
  3. nor pos or neg, electrically equal/neutral in charge
  4. nucleus of an atom is made with protons and neutrons
  5. electrons are located outside of the nucleus known as the orbital shell.
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9
Q

Element-

A
  • alike atoms combined
  • C, O, H
  • cant be created or destroyed, but can change its form.
  • protons # = same
    in nuclei
  • 92 elements
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10
Q

Compound-
is?
ex?
identified as?

A
  • Elements put together
  • ex: h + o = gas -> combined=Liquid.
  • identified as formulas
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11
Q

Isotopes-

A
  • atoms of an element - - SAME protons, DIFFERENT neutrons, SAME atomic number, DIFFERENT atomic mass.
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12
Q

CAT or CT

A
  • uses ionizing x-rays to make images on

tissue density-related differences in absorption

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13
Q

MRI

A

magnetic field,

a radio frequency pulse to temporarily change the alignment of H atoms in the body.

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14
Q

PET

A

tissue metabolism through computerized color-coded images

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15
Q

Ultrasound

A

high-frequency sound waves directed through a transducer .

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16
Q

Inorganic-
def:
size
ex

A

Carbon not combined w. hydrogen or other elements.

size: small molecules
ex: water/universal solvent.

17
Q

Organic-
def
size
ex:

A

Carbon always combined w. hydrogen or other elements.

size: large molecules
ex: carbs, lipids,proteins, nuc acids

18
Q 
Carbohydrates: 
elements: ?
3 types: ?
1. def/ex
2. def/ex/ a syn
3.def/ex
A 
elements: CHO
3 types: 
1. mono: simple sugar
ex: glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribose. 
2. Di: 2 monos (dehydration syn)
ex:sucrose, lactose, maltose
3. poly: largest carb/1000s glucose.
ex: cellulose, glycogen, starch.
19
Q

Lipids
Def:
elements:
Ex:

A

def: stored energy
elements: CHO, less O
ex: fats, phospholipid, steriod.

20
Q

Fats: triglycerides =
1.
2.

A

3 fatty+1glycerol

stored fat

21
Q

Phospholipids =

A

Lipid bilayer in cell memb

22
Q

Steroids=
contain?
and that important for?

A 
cholesterol
impt for 
-vit d
- male/female hormones
- cortisol hormone (cortisol shot is a steriod into you knee)
23
Q 
Proteins
elements:
def:
binded by:
Special protein:
A

CHONPS

  • most diverse/ essential organic compound
  • amino acids
  • ENZYME( made of apoenzymes &coenzyme)
24
Q

a special protein is and enzyme
aka?
special bc?

A

Organic syn

helps control chem rxn

25
Q

Nucleic acids
elements:
size:
Made of:

A 
CHONP
largest
bunch of nucleotides 
-( P, 5O's, Nitro bases 
A-G purine, C-T pyrimidines)
26
Q

2 nucleic acids

A
  1. DNA: Phosphate+deoxyribose

2. RNA: Phosphate+ribose

27
Q

DNA:

a. location:
b. Transcription
c. helix? ladder?outter/inner
d. talk more about it

A

a. nucleus/ chromosomes
c. double helix
outter ladder = P,deoxy
inner ladder = a-t,g-c
d. 46 hromos, 26 pairs, genetic make up, so that is why its unique for everyone and used as identification

28
Q

RNA:

a. location:
b. transcription/ translation
c. helix? ladder in/out?
d. types? their functions?

A

a. cytoplasm, nucleoli ,ribosomes
c. single helix
inner = P, ribose
outter = a-u,g-c
d. m/t/rRNA
1. mRNA= picks up instructions for protein synthesis(amino->protein)
FROM nucleus brings to cytoplasm.
2. tRNA= aminos from cytoplasm to ribosomes
3. rRNA= attached mRNA to ribosomes.

29
Q

Electrolytes:

A
  • particles w. charges
  • electrical charges
  • records it in: tissues
  • balances: fluid, acidity (H=) alkalinity (OH-)
30
Q

Acids

  • taste
  • ionizes; pos/neg
  • pH lower by?
A

-sour
- ionizes in water,
POS charges create H+
NEG charges create simple
- yield H+ = lowers pH

31
Q

How to test an acid?

2 ways

A
  1. litmus paper- measure (acid vs. alkaline)
    BLUE turns RED
  2. pH paper- measures magnitude of acid vs. alkaline
32
Q

bases

  • taste
  • ionizes; pos/neg
  • pH increase by?
A
  • bitter
  • POS creates metal
    NEG creates 9OH-
  • increase OH-
33
Q

How to test a base?

2 way?

A

Red litmus = blue

pH paper = measures magnitude of acid/alkaline

34
Q

Buffers =
a?
- resists?
- prevents?

A

a bicarbonate

  • Resist pH changes helps homeostasis
  • Prevents dysfunctions in acid/alkaline
35
Q

increase H+ =

decrease H+ =

A

decrease pH

increase pH

36
Q

Explain how pH changes with changes in hydrogen ion concentrations?

A
  1. Increase in H+ = decrease pH

2. Decrease in H+ = increase pH

37
Q

Acid neutralization by exogenous antacid =

  1. Neutralization reaction?
  2. common antacid?
  3. where the stomach makes?
  4. formula?
A
  1. Neutralization reaction: Base + acid → salt + CO2 + water.
  2. Tums is a common antacid made of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) – a base
  3. HCL
  4. CaCO3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O
38
Q

Acid buffering by endogenous bicarbonate system?

  • able to gain/absorb? making?
  • formula
A
  1. Bicarbonate is a buffer (able to gain or absorb H+ → conjugate base)
  2. CO2 + H2O ←> H2CO3 ←> HCO3- + H+
39
Q

Explain the pH Scale:

  1. Potential of__ , __
  2. ph level
  3. ph level
  4. ph level
  5. ph of blood=
  6. acid-base balance?
    a. what helps w. it?
    b. what req pH to prevent dysfunctions?
A

1 h+, -log10

  1. Ph 0-6.9= acidic
  2. pH 7 = neutral
  3. pH 7.1-14 = alkaline
  4. 7.35/7.45
  5. a. Buffers w. resisting the pH changes.
    b. intra/extra fluid help w. regulating pH and prevent acidosis/ alkalosis like DKA

A&P chp 1 (2 decks)

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