chp 2 Flashcards
- Differentiate between and give examples of matter and energy.
Matter is?
Energy?
4 types of energy?
matter - is solid liq, gas, can not be created or destroyed, but can change its form.
Energy - puts matter into motion, doing something.
1. Potential
2. kinetic
3. Thermal
4. Chemical
Potential energy-
is?
ex?
which is energy waiting to be released.
EX: waiting in bed.
Kinetic-
is?
ex?
which is energy in motion.
EX: getting out of bed.
Thermal
is
ex?
energy contained within a system that is responsible for its temperature.
ex. Skin w. cold/heat
1 st law of thermodynamics?
is
ex?
energy can not be created or destroyed,
ex: transferred from one form to another. Food -> ATP-> k.energy->Skeletal Muscle
Chemical energy-
is?
ex?
Either energy released(exothermic) or energy stored
(endothermic).
ex: Food digested, food molecule broken down, binding with acids/enzymes, turns carbos into glucose, energy released/stored.
Second Law Thermodynamic?
is?
ex?
in any energy conversion, energy is wasted as heat (entropy increases)
ex: 70-80% of energy expended during exercise is released as heat
Atom:
- consists of
- charge is?
- ___ of atom is made w. ____&___
- what are located outside of an atom.
- smallest
- consists of charges: protons, electrons, neutrons.
- nor pos or neg, electrically equal/neutral in charge
- nucleus of an atom is made with protons and neutrons
- electrons are located outside of the nucleus known as the orbital shell.
Element-
- alike atoms combined
- C, O, H
- cant be created or destroyed, but can change its form.
- protons # = same
in nuclei - 92 elements
Compound-
is?
ex?
identified as?
- Elements put together
- ex: h + o = gas -> combined=Liquid.
- identified as formulas
Isotopes-
- atoms of an element - - SAME protons, DIFFERENT neutrons, SAME atomic number, DIFFERENT atomic mass.
CAT or CT
- uses ionizing x-rays to make images on
tissue density-related differences in absorption
MRI
magnetic field,
a radio frequency pulse to temporarily change the alignment of H atoms in the body.
PET
tissue metabolism through computerized color-coded images
Ultrasound
high-frequency sound waves directed through a transducer .
Inorganic-
def:
size
ex
Carbon not combined w. hydrogen or other elements.
size: small molecules
ex: water/universal solvent.
Organic-
def
size
ex:
Carbon always combined w. hydrogen or other elements.
size: large molecules
ex: carbs, lipids,proteins, nuc acids
Carbohydrates: elements: ? 3 types: ? 1. def/ex 2. def/ex/ a syn 3.def/ex
elements: CHO 3 types: 1. mono: simple sugar ex: glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribose. 2. Di: 2 monos (dehydration syn) ex:sucrose, lactose, maltose 3. poly: largest carb/1000s glucose. ex: cellulose, glycogen, starch.
Lipids
Def:
elements:
Ex:
def: stored energy
elements: CHO, less O
ex: fats, phospholipid, steriod.
Fats: triglycerides =
1.
2.
3 fatty+1glycerol
stored fat
Phospholipids =
Lipid bilayer in cell memb
Steroids=
contain?
and that important for?
cholesterol impt for -vit d - male/female hormones - cortisol hormone (cortisol shot is a steriod into you knee)
Proteins elements: def: binded by: Special protein:
CHONPS
- most diverse/ essential organic compound
- amino acids
- ENZYME( made of apoenzymes &coenzyme)
a special protein is and enzyme
aka?
special bc?
Organic syn
helps control chem rxn
Nucleic acids
elements:
size:
Made of:
CHONP largest bunch of nucleotides -( P, 5O's, Nitro bases A-G purine, C-T pyrimidines)
2 nucleic acids
- DNA: Phosphate+deoxyribose
2. RNA: Phosphate+ribose
DNA:
a. location:
b. Transcription
c. helix? ladder?outter/inner
d. talk more about it
a. nucleus/ chromosomes
c. double helix
outter ladder = P,deoxy
inner ladder = a-t,g-c
d. 46 hromos, 26 pairs, genetic make up, so that is why its unique for everyone and used as identification
RNA:
a. location:
b. transcription/ translation
c. helix? ladder in/out?
d. types? their functions?
a. cytoplasm, nucleoli ,ribosomes
c. single helix
inner = P, ribose
outter = a-u,g-c
d. m/t/rRNA
1. mRNA= picks up instructions for protein synthesis(amino->protein)
FROM nucleus brings to cytoplasm.
2. tRNA= aminos from cytoplasm to ribosomes
3. rRNA= attached mRNA to ribosomes.
Electrolytes:
- particles w. charges
- electrical charges
- records it in: tissues
- balances: fluid, acidity (H=) alkalinity (OH-)
Acids
- taste
- ionizes; pos/neg
- pH lower by?
-sour
- ionizes in water,
POS charges create H+
NEG charges create simple
- yield H+ = lowers pH
How to test an acid?
2 ways
- litmus paper- measure (acid vs. alkaline)
BLUE turns RED - pH paper- measures magnitude of acid vs. alkaline
bases
- taste
- ionizes; pos/neg
- pH increase by?
- bitter
- POS creates metal
NEG creates 9OH- - increase OH-
How to test a base?
2 way?
Red litmus = blue
pH paper = measures magnitude of acid/alkaline
Buffers =
a?
- resists?
- prevents?
a bicarbonate
- Resist pH changes helps homeostasis
- Prevents dysfunctions in acid/alkaline
increase H+ =
decrease H+ =
decrease pH
increase pH
Explain how pH changes with changes in hydrogen ion concentrations?
- Increase in H+ = decrease pH
2. Decrease in H+ = increase pH
Acid neutralization by exogenous antacid =
- Neutralization reaction?
- common antacid?
- where the stomach makes?
- formula?
- Neutralization reaction: Base + acid → salt + CO2 + water.
- Tums is a common antacid made of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) – a base
- HCL
- CaCO3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O
Acid buffering by endogenous bicarbonate system?
- able to gain/absorb? making?
- formula
- Bicarbonate is a buffer (able to gain or absorb H+ → conjugate base)
- CO2 + H2O ←> H2CO3 ←> HCO3- + H+
Explain the pH Scale:
- Potential of__ , __
- ph level
- ph level
- ph level
- ph of blood=
- acid-base balance?
a. what helps w. it?
b. what req pH to prevent dysfunctions?
1 h+, -log10
- Ph 0-6.9= acidic
- pH 7 = neutral
- pH 7.1-14 = alkaline
- 7.35/7.45
- a. Buffers w. resisting the pH changes.
b. intra/extra fluid help w. regulating pH and prevent acidosis/ alkalosis like DKA
