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Perception and Attention > Object and face perception > Flashcards

Object and face perception Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the model of object recognition.

A
  1. Early visual processing (colour, motion, edges)
  2. Perceptual segregation - grouping of visual elements (gestalt principles)
  3. Matching grouped stimuli to stored representations in the brain (structural descriptions)
  4. Meaning attached to the object.
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2
Q

What are the 4 gestalt laws of perceptual organisation?

A

1) Law of proximity
2) Law of similarity
2) Law of good continuation
4) Law of closure

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3
Q

What is the law of proximity?

A

Objects that are close together are more likely to be grouped.

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4
Q

What is the law of similarity?

A

Objects/stimuli that are similar are more likely to be grouped.

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5
Q

What is the law of good continuation?

A

We group together visual elements requiring the fewest changes/interruptions in straight or smoothly curving lines.

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6
Q

What is the law of closure?

A

Assumption that the missing parts of a figure are filled in to complete that figure.

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7
Q

What is the law of pragnanz?

A

Assumption that we attempt to perceive the simplest possible organisation of the visual field.

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8
Q

What is figure-ground segregation?

A

The theory that we perceive an object in a scene as the ‘figure’ and attend to that more than the other elements of the scene, the ‘ground’.

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9
Q

What is one strength of gestalt psychology?

A

+ Developed laws of grouping, most of which are still valid today.

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10
Q

What are two weaknesses of the gestalt approach to psychology?

A
  • Relies heavily on introspection

- Many claims cannot be backed up, e.g. top down influences on segregation processes.

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11
Q

Who developed the recognition by components theory?

A

Biederman (1987)

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12
Q

What is the main assumption of the recognition by components theory?

A

Objects are comprised of different combinations of geons (geometric shapes)

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13
Q

How many geons did Biederman assume existed?

A

36.

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14
Q

What are the steps of visual perception in Biederman’s recognition by components theory?

A
  1. Extraction of edge information.
  2. Segementation - curved/concave regions are most valuable.
  3. Decide which edges remain constant over various angles.
  4. Match the component perceived to objects in our memory as best we can.
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15
Q

What were the 5 invariant properties of edges named by the recognition by components theory?

A
  • Curvature
  • Parallel
  • Co-termination
  • (a)Symmetry
  • Colinearity
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16
Q

What is co-termination?

A

Points at which two edges terminate.

17
Q

What is colinearity?

A

Two or more points located on the same line/edge.

18
Q

What did Biederman (1987) find out about viewpoint?

A

Viewpoint independence. Found that the ease of object recognition is not affected by the observer’s viewpoint.

19
Q

What did Tarr (1995) and Tarr and Bulthoff (1995; 1998) find out about viewpoint?

A

Viewpoint dependence. Changes in viewpoint reduce the speed and accuracy of object recognition.

20
Q

What are two strengths of the recognition by components theory?

A

+ Strong evidence for use of geons in object recognition.

+ Many principles have been valid for a long time.

21
Q

What are two weaknesses of the recognition by components theory?

A
  • Based mainly on familiar objects; top down influences may impact object recognition.
  • Some objects do not have invariant geons but are still recognizable and grouped easily. (e.g clouds)
22
Q

Where is object information thought to be processed?

A

In the ‘what’ pathway

23
Q

What is agnosia?

A

Impairment in object recognition.

24
Q

What are the two types of agnosia?

A

Apperceptive

and

Associative

25
Q

What is apperceptive agnosia?

A

An impairment in the process which groups visual elements that causes sufferers to see the parts but not the whole.

26
Q

What is associative agnosia?

A

An impairment in the process that provides knowledge about the objects function and associations. (seeing the whole but not it’s meaning)

27
Q

What is prosopagnosia?

A

An inability to recognise the faces of those that should be familiar.

28
Q

At what stage of face recognition does prosopagnosia affect?

A

The stage where stimuli/information is matched to stored knowledge.

29
Q

What did Kanwisher (2000) & Kanwisher et al (1997) find about whether faces are processed differently?

A

Found that the Fusiform Face Area (FFA) responds to faces more than other types of objects in fMRI experiments.

30
Q

What did Simon et al (2011) find out about whether faces are processed differently?

A

Familiar faces elicited more brain activation than unfamiliar faces.

Perception and Attention (10 decks)

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