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Perception and Attention > Intro > Flashcards

Intro Flashcards

1
Q

Define ‘cognition’

A

all mental abilities and processes that allow us to acquire knowledge and understanding.

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2
Q

What does the information-processing approach suggest?

A
  • Information comes in through the senses
  • is processed by a series of modules that change the information systematically.
  • output of the modules causes an observable response.
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3
Q

What is the order of processes in the information processing approach?

A
  • Stimulus
  • Atttention
  • Perception
  • Thought processing
  • decision
  • response
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4
Q

What is a limitation of the information-processing approach?

A

It ignores top down, knowledge based processing.

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5
Q

What are the different approaches in cognitive psychology?

A
  • Experimental cognitive psychology
  • Cognitive neuropsychology
  • Cognitive neuroscience
  • Computational modelling
  • Artificial intelligence
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6
Q

What is experimental cognitive psychology?

A

The study of behaviour in controlled laboratory settings. Is not concerned with the underlying brain processes, only overt behaviours. Usually uses reaction time, etc. to measure behaviour.

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7
Q

What are 2 strengths of experimental cognitive psychology?

A

+ Generates theories about cognition that can be tested.

+ Has made a huge contribution to making psychology more empirical.

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8
Q

What are 2 weaknesses of experimental cognitive psychology?

A
  • Low ecological validity as most research is lab-based.

- Indirect evidence/measures of internal cognitive processes. (low validity)

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9
Q

What is cognitive neuropsychology?

A

Involves the study of brain damaged patients and compared them to neuro typical patients.

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10
Q

What are two strengths of cognitive neuropsychology?

A

+ double dissociations have provided strong evidence for major processing modules.
+ causal links found between brain damage and cognitive performance.

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11
Q

What are two weaknesses of cognitive neuropsychology?

A
  • difficult to compare performance of patients before and after damage.
  • damage can often occur in several different regions, making it more difficult to pinpoint area of cognitive deficit.
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12
Q

What is cognitive neuroscience?

A

Aims to understand human cognition by studying behaviour and the brain, normally by recording brain activity as participants perform cognitive tasks.

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13
Q

Name three ways that brain activity can be recorded.

A
  • Single cell recordings
  • Brain imaging
  • Brain stimulation
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14
Q

What are single cell recordings?

A

Measurements of single neurons at a time, using electrodes.

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15
Q

Describe what brain imaging techniques measure.

A

Structure and function of brain regions. Normally measures blood flow or oxygen consumption (BOLD).

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16
Q

What are brain stimulation techniques?

A

Electrical currents are created and utilised to initiate or prevent the activation of certain brain areas in order to find out which areas are used for certain processes.

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17
Q

What is bottom-up processing?

A

Actions and thoughts are in response to stimuli. (Stimulus driven)

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18
Q

What is top down processing?

A

Actions and thoughts are initiated by prior knowledge and expectations.

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19
Q

What is serial processing?

A

Processing of each stimulus/object one by one.

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20
Q

What is parallel processing?

A

All objects/stimuli are processed at the same time.

21
Q

What is a module?

A

A functionally specialised cognitive system that is domain specific.

22
Q

What is domain-specificity?

A

The way that a cognitive system only responds to a certain type of stimulus (just faces, etc)

23
Q

What is modularity?

A

The assumption that each module functions independently.

24
Q

How many neurons does the human brain have?

A

100 billion.

25
Q

What percentage of brain cells are neurons?

A

10%

26
Q

What are cortical neurons?

A

Cells of the cerebral cortex.

27
Q

What is the function of the frontal lobe?

A

To control:

  • emotions
  • problem solving
  • memory
  • language
28
Q

What is the function of the parietal lobe?

A

Integrates sensory, spatial and touch information.

29
Q

What is the function of the temporal lobe?

A

Auditory perception.
Primary auditory cortex receives information from the ears, while the secondary cortex processes this into speech and words.

30
Q

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

A

Visual processing centre.

31
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Co-ordinates motor movements/muscular activity, such as posture, balance and speech.

32
Q

What is a sulcus?

A

A groove in the surface of the brain.

33
Q

What is a gyrus?

A

An elevated area on the brain’s surface.

34
Q

Where is the central sulcus?

A

Between the frontal and parietal lobe.

35
Q

Where is the parieto-occipital sulcus?

A

Between the parietal and occipital lobes.

36
Q

What and where is the pre-occipital notch?

A

A depression that acts as a boundary between the parietal and occipital lobes.

37
Q

Where is the lateral fissure?

A

Separates the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes..

38
Q

What does dorsal mean?

A

the top

39
Q

What does superior refer to?

A

(dorsal) the top

40
Q

What does ventral refer to?

A

the bottom

41
Q

What does inferior refer to?

A

(ventral) the bottom

42
Q

What does rostral refer to?

A

the front

43
Q

What does anterior refer to?

A

(rostral) the front

44
Q

What does posterior refer to?

A

the back

45
Q

What does lateral refer to?

A

the side

46
Q

What does medial refer to?

A

the middle

47
Q

Define perception

A

the gain and processing of sensory information.

48
Q

Define attention

A

the selective concentration on a specific stimulus or piece of information.

Perception and Attention (10 decks)

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