Obesity/ some of Starvation Flashcards
how do you calculate BMI
weight(kg)/ height (m2)
value of BMI that is considered obese
> /= 30kg/m2
value of BMI that is considered overweight
25-29.9kg/m2
metabolic effects of obesity
dyslipidemia, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance
those who are obese have an increased risk of…
atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, stroke, diabetes, cancer
two kinds of body fat
visceral (worse) and subcutaneous
visceral and abdominal fat are released into _______, then taken up by ______ and contribute to _______ in the blood
portal vein, liver, higher VLDL
subcutaneous fat enters _______ and is used by ______ before reaching the liver
general circulation, muscle
more weight below the waist indicates a higher amount of what fat
subcutaneous (pear shaped figure)
more weight above the waist indicates a higher amount of what fat
visceral (apple shaped figure)
conditions associated with more weight above the waist
syndrome X or metabolic syndrome
percentage of TAGs in chylomicrons
85%
what happens to body’s TAG content as BMI increases from 20 to 30
it doubles
what happens to adipocytes with modest weight gain
hypertrophy
what happens to adipocytes with excessive weight gain
hypertrophy and hyperplasia
molecules and hormones that adipocytes produce
free fatty acid, adiponectin (insulin resistance), cytokines (inflammation), and leptin (appetite control/weight gain)
factors that regulate body weight
genetic and environment
mutation in what gene can produce hyperphagia and massive obesity
leptin gene and its receptors
hyperphagia is excessive hunger/increased appetite
what secretes ghrelin and cholecystokinin(CCK)
ghrelin released by stomach and CCK by small intestine
tissues affected by obesity
liver, muscle, adipose
clustering of atherosclerotic and cardiovascular disease
metabolic syndrome
risk factors of metabolic syndrome
visceral adiposity (obesity), insulin resistance, low levels of HDLs, systemic proinflammatory state
indicators of metabolic syndrome
elevated fasting blood glucose, elevated waist circumference, elevated TAGs, reduced HDL cholesterol, elevated blood pressure
strong correlation between weight gain and …
insulin resistance
insulin resistance results in..
increased synthesis of VLDL, increased TAGs in circulation, increased risk of atherosclerosis
why are people with metabolic syndrome not considered diabetes despite their insulin resistance
they produce enough insulin to keep some of the effects of insulin on target tissues working
pharmacologic appetite suppressant that increases fullness
sibutramine (no longer on the market)
pharmacologic gastric and lipase inhibitor that inhibits the digestion of TAGs
orlistat
BMI of a person considered morbidly obese
> 35
why is ketone body activation considered very efficient
it does not need an ATP to be activated
you go from beta hydroxybutyrate to acetoacetate and form NADH = 3ATP
B2/riboflavin deficiency
cheilosis
microcytic anemia can develop from deficiencies in what
vit B6, iron, copper
macrocytic anemia can develop from deficiencies in what
vit B12 and folic acid
protein calorie malnutrition, energy deficiency is predominant
marasmus
cancer, aids, chronic pulmonary and renal disease can lead to
cachexia (loss of appetite and muscle atrophy)
