Amino Acids - Specialized Products Flashcards
Tyr is starting amino acids for???
Catacholamines - dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine; pigment - melanin; hormones - T3 and T4
rate limiting step of catacholamines
Tyr hydroxylase whose product is DOPA
where do you find tyr hydroxylase
CNS, sympathetic ganglia, adrenal medulla
what is albinism
deficiency of melanin (made from Tyr using Tyrosinase in melanocytes) in skin, hair, and eyes
albinism that affects the eye is called
oculocutaneous albinism
diseases associated with loss of dopamine producing cells in the basal ganglia
Parkinson’s Disease (4th most common disorder in elderly)
characteristics of Parkinson’s
movement disorders: spasticity and tremors, loss of memory, mood disturbances, postural instability
How do you treat Parkinson’s
administer L-DOPA and dopa decarboxylase inhibitor (Carbidopa)
why administer L-DOPA to parkinson’s patient instead of dopamine
L-DOPA can cross the BBB but dopamine cannot
why administer L-DOPA with Carbidopa
it increases the half life of L-DOPA in the GIT and peripheral tissues – carbidopa can’t cross the BBB though
product of degradation of noepinephrine and epinephrine
vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) and other products using Monoamine oxidase (MAO) and catacholamine O-methyltransferase (COMT)
how do you test for level of catecholamines noepinephrine and epinephrine produced
check urinary VMA levels
what is the product of degradation of dopamine
homovanillic acid (HVA) using MAO and COMT
disease associated with overproduction of catecholamines
pheochromocytoma
symptoms of pheochromocytoma
headache, sweating, tachycardia
what regulates basal metabolic rate
thyroid hormone (formed from Tyr and iodine)
precursor for serotonin and melatonin
tryptophan
degradation of serotonin is done by…?
monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A)
what is serotonin for
pain perception, sleep wake cycle, regulation of mood and appetite, and blood pressure and temp
what is melatonin for
sleep inducing hormone, regulation of circadian rhythm, light/dark cycle, SAD
increased 5 HIAA in urine is marker for?
carcinoid syndrome
symptoms of carcinoid syndrome
cutaneous flushing, diarrhea, bronchospasm
relationship between Glu and GABA
GABA formed as a result of decarboxylation of Glu using glutamate decarboxylase and PLP
relationship between histidine and histamine
histamine formed as a result of decarboxylation of histidine using histidine decarboxylase and PLP
purpose of histamine
vasodilator, allergic rxn, inflammatory responses, gastric secretion, neurotransmission
what do anti-histamine do?
prevent histamine signaling so basically receptor blockers
what is the precursor amino acid for NO synthesis
arginine (product is L-citrulline)
reaction requires NADPH, O2, BH4, FAD, FMN
nitroglycerine treatment results in…
vasodilation of coronary blood vessels and improvement of blood flow to heart
where do you find creatine
muscle, heart, and brain
where does synthesis of creatine occur
starts in kidney then continues in liver before being transported via blood to muscle, heart, and brain
what does creatine do?
accept P from ATP when muscle is resting and can donate P to ADP when muscle is contracting
levels of CPK/ CK-MB indicator of?
indicator of myocardial ischaemia/ myocardial damage (heart attack)
serum creatinine levels are indicator of…?
renal function - levels rise in acute or chronic renal failure
glutathione contains what?
glu, cys, gly
glutathione is impo for
detoxification of H2O2 esp in RBC, protects RBC from oxidative stress, cofactor for many enzymatic rxns, aid in rearragement of protein disulphide bonds, can be conjugated to drugs to make them more water soluble, reducing agent
reactions that need tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4)
phenylalanine hydroxylase (Phe to Tyr), Tyr hydroxylase (Tyr to DOPA), Trp hydroxylase (trp to 5 hydroxy trp), and NO synthase
