Obesity: Final Exam Flashcards
Where do we Gain Our Energy Sources?
- Proteins and Carbs (4cal/g)
- Fats (9cal/g)
Calories (kcal) per day are determined by age, sex, weight, activity, medical conditions, heights and varying other factors
What Two Key Hormones Regulate Appetite?
Ghrelin and Leptin
What is Ghrelin?
Ghrelin increases appetite
- Target Cell: Hypothalamus and Stomach
- Action: Stimulates hunger and increases gastric acid secretion
- Inducers: Hypoglycemia
- Inhibitors: Stomach distention
What is Leptin?
Leptin decreases appetite
- Found in the white adipose tissue
- Target Cell: Hypothalamus Cells
- Action: Satiety
- Inducers: Insulin, emotional stress
- Inhibitors: Short term fasting
How Does Leptin Work?
The fat cells (adipose tissue) release Leptin
As the fat cell accumulate the amount of Leptin being secreted will rise
The Leptin will stimulate the Hypothalamus and cause a decrease in appetite
Decreasing appetite will decrease the amount of food intake and therefore decrease the amount of adipose tissue (fat)
How Does Ghrelin Work?
When the lipid concentrations decrease or the stomach is empty it will signal the release of Ghrelin from the stomach cells. (Ghrelin=Growling/gurgling) The presence of Ghrelin will tell the hypothalamus that body requires food intake and will promote the sensation of hunger, increasing the appetite by increasing peristalsis and raising dopamine levels.
Define Brown Adipose Tissue.
- Thermogenic organ (retains heat for the body)
- This kind of fat is important for thermoregulation and provides a cushioning for our organs and warmth.
Define White Adipose Tissue.
This type of fat is required for energy production, insulation and organ protection
How is White Adipose Tissue Used?
- Adipose tissue is a loose connective tissue composed of adipocytes
- Fat cells accumulate as the droplets adhere to each other, creating larger droplets.
- The main function is to store energy which is slowly utilized overtime during times of fasting or starvation
The Effects of Obesity On The Body.
Atherosclerosis: A high cholesterol and fatty diet will cause the accumulation of LDLs in the bloodstream leading to the accumulation of plaque within the arterial wall. This will cause narrowing of the blood vessels and in prolonged/ severe cases will lead to a thrombus/embolism. As well as contribute to hypertension and other coronary artery diseases.
Hypercholesreomia (excessive cholesterol)
Dyslipidemia (elevated LDL levels within the bloodstream, caused by a high cholesterol/ fatty diet)
Fatty Liver Disease (accumulation of adipose tissue around the liver, slowing down its function)
DM II
Arthritis: Inflammation/ degeneration of joints. The cytokine levels in obese patients are abnormally high and increase the inflammatory response which will contribute to the development of arthritis. The pressure from the excess weight also contributes to the degeneration/wear on the joints.
Cholecystitis: (gallstones) This occurs more frequently in obese patients due to the high cholesterol diet. Gallstones form when the bile contains too much cholesterol, too much bilirubin, or not enough bile salts.
Gastric reflux: GERD
Urinary Incontinence
Obstructive Sleep apnea
Impaired wound healing: Eseenitaly, decreased perfusion causes decreased oxygenation and overall delayed wound healing and cell repair. Its severe causes of cell necrosis will be the result of an injury due to lack of oxygenation.
Define Lipase Inhibitors.
The primary role of lipase inhibitors is to decrease the gastrointestinal absorption of fats. Lipase is an enzyme the body uses to break down fats in food so they can be absorbed in the intestines.; by inhibiting this hydrolysis of fats will inhibit the absorption of fats. Leading to a decreased overall fat/triglyceride absorption in the intestines.
Lipase Inhibitor Medications.
Meds: Orlistat (Xenical)
Define Anorexiants.
They act on the brain to suppress appetite (appetite suppressants). They stimulate the hypothalamic and limbic regions of the brain, which control satiety.
Anorexiants Medications.
Meds: Contrave (Biopronrion+ Naltrexone)
Define Metabolic Syndrome.
“Metabolic syndrome is a group of five conditions that can lead to heart disease, diabetes, stroke and other health problems.”
- Large waist circumference
- Elevated blood pressure
- Low plasma HDLElevated plasma Triglycerides
- Obesity
- Elevated fasting plasma glucose
